On Construction and Identification of Graphs

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558 I

Boris Weisfeiler

On Construction and Identification of Graphs

Springer-Verlag Berlin.Heidelberg • New York 19 7 6

Boris Weisfeiler Department of Mathematics Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA 16802

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Main entry under title: On construction and i~entification of graphs~ (Lecture notes in mathematics ~ 558) Bibliography: p. Includes indexes. 1. Graph theory--Addresses~ essays~ lectures° I. Weisfeiler, Boris, 1941IIo Series : Lecture notes in mathematics (Berlin) ~ 558° Q~3.L28 noo 5 58 [QA166] 510'.8s [511'.5] 76-54232

AMS Subject Classifications (1970): 05CXX, 05 B30, 05-04 ISBN 3-540-08051-1 ISBN 0-387-08051-1

Springer-Verlag Berlin • Heidelberg • NewYork Springer-Verlag New York" Heidelberg • Berlin

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machine or similar means, and storage in data banks. Under § 54 of the German Copyright Law where copies are made for other than private use, a fee is payable to the publisher, the amount of the fee to be determined by agreement with the publisher. © by Springer-Verlag Berlin • Heidelberg 1976 Printed in Germany Printing and binding: Beltz Offsetdruck, Hemsbach/Bergstr.

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Acknowledgement I am greatly indebted to Professor J. J. Seidel.

His interest in the

problems discussed in this volume encouraged me and his criticism, both mathematical and linguistical, helped to make the manuscript better.

I am also grateful to

Professor D. G. Corneil~ who sent me many preprints of his work~ and to J. Hager for linguistical corrections.

It is a pleasure to thank here C. D. Underwood~ the

Administrative Officer of the School of Mathematics,

I.A.S.,

for her patience and

help during my stay at the Institute~ and the Secretaries~ I. C. Abagnale~ A. W. Becker, E. T. Laurent~ and M° M. Murray for their excellent typing.

I am

also grateful to the Institute for Advanced Study for support during my stay there.

B. Weisfeiler

TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction

VII

Conventions~ assumptions~ notations

XI

A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I.

1 5 13 23 29 38 41 48

J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V.

Some remarks about the problem of graph identification Motivation (after A. Lehman) A construction of a stationary graph (after A. Lehman) Properties of cells (after A. Lehman) Properties of cellular algebras of rank greater than one Cellular algebras arising in the theory of permutation groups Some classes of cellular algebras Imprimitive cells and construction of factor-cells (after A. Lehman) Construction of the quotient in the case of cellular algebras of rank greater than one (after A. Le