On the influence of individual differences in cross-modal Mulsemedia QoE
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On the influence of individual differences in cross-modal Mulsemedia QoE Elahe Kani-Zabihi 1 & Nadia Hussain 2 & Gebremariam Mesfin 3 & Alexandra Covaci 4 & Gheorghita Ghinea 2 Received: 5 December 2019 / Revised: 4 July 2020 / Accepted: 28 August 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract
Quality of Experience (QoE) is inextricably linked to the human side of the multimedia experience. Whilst there has been a considerable amount of research undertaken to explore the various dimensions of QoE, one facet which been relatively unexplored is the role of individual differences in determining an individual’s QoE. Whereas this is certainly true of multimedia applications, when it comes to mulsemedia (multiple media engaging three or more human senses) this is even more so, given its emerging and novel nature. Accordingly, in this paper we report the results of a study which investigated the role that individual differences (such as age, gender, education, and smell sensitivity) have on QoE, when mulsemedia incorporating olfactory and haptic stimuli is experienced in cross-modal environments. Our results reveal that whilst users had a satisfying overall mulsemedia experience the specific use of cross modally matched odours did not result in significantly higher QoE levels than when a control scent (rosemary) was employed. However, aspects of QoE are impacted upon by all individual differences dimensions considered in our study. Keywords Mulsemedia . Individual differences . Quality of experience . Cross-modal correspondence
1 Introduction The key success of any interactive system is determined by the end users’ overall satisfaction of the system. To this end, the concept of Quality of Experience (QoE), plays an important * Gheorghita Ghinea [email protected]
1
University of West London, London, UK
2
Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
3
Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
4
University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
Multimedia Tools and Applications
role. QoE is “the degree of delight or annoyance of the user expectations with respect to the utility and or enjoyment of the application or service in the light of the user’s personality and current state” [2]. Indeed, to achieve the best desirable user experience, understanding users’ personalities and their different characteristics are of fundamental importance in building successful systems. This underlines the importance of accepting how individual differences (e.g. age, gender, education, culture, personality, etc.) influence users’ satisfactions and enjoyment of an application. Whilst previous studies [13, 14, 33] suggest individual differences play an important role in perceptual multimedia quality, there are however few studies [32, 39, 40] which consider individual differences in mulsemedia (multiple sensorial media) applications. This is precisely the niche that we focus on in this paper, in which we report on the results of a study exploring the impact of individual differences on QoE and user perception of mulsemedia content. Mulsemedia refers t
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