On the noisy spatiotopic encoding of word positions during reading: Evidence from the change-detection task
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BRIEF REPORT
On the noisy spatiotopic encoding of word positions during reading: Evidence from the change-detection task Felipe Pegado 1,2 & Jonathan Grainger 1,2 Accepted: 18 September 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract The present study builds on our prior work showing evidence for noisy word-position coding in an immediate same-different matching task. In that research, participants found it harder to judge that two successive brief presentations of five-word sequences were different when the difference was caused by transposing two adjacent words compared with different word replacements – a transposition effect. Here we used the change-detection task with a 1-s delay introduced between sequences – a task thought to tap into visual short-term memory. Concurrent articulation was used to limit the contribution of active rehearsal. We used standard response-time (RT) and error-rate analyses plus signal detection theory (SDT) measures of discriminability (d’) and bias (c). We compared the transposition effects for ungrammatical word sequences and nonword sequences observed with these different measures. Although there was some evidence for transposition effects with nonwords, the effects were much larger with word sequences. These findings provide further support for the hypothesized noisy assignment of word identities to spatiotopic locations along a line of text during reading. Keywords Reading . Word position . Spatiotopic representations . Change detection . Transposed words
Introduction In recent theoretical work on skilled reading the notion of a spatiotopic representation of word positions has taken a central role (Grainger, 2018; Snell, Meeter, & Grainger, 2017; Snell, van Leipsig, Grainger, & Meeter, 2018). Spatiotopic coordinates provide a reference frame for representing the location of an object in a visual scene independently of where the viewer’s eyes are looking. Adapted to the case of reading, the spatiotopic coordinates for written words are defined as representing a word’s location in a line of text that is being read, independently of the position of the reader’s gaze on that line of text. Spatiotopic locations are defined by low-level visual information provided by the spaces between words, and, as readers move their eyes along the line of text, word identities are gradually assigned to these locations. In sum, * Felipe Pegado [email protected] 1
Laboratoire de Psychologie Cognitive, CNRS and Aix-Marseille University, 3 place Victor Hugo, 13331 Marseille, France
2
Institute for Language Communication and the Brain, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
readers perceive a series of visual “blobs” while they are processing word identities during reading, and they associate different word identities with different blob locations (Reilly & Radach, 2006; Snell et al., 2018). Under the hypothesis of parallel word processing (Snell & Grainger, 2019a), a central ingredient of this theoretical framework is that it is the bottomup association of word identities to spatiotopic location
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