On the temperature sensitivity of multi-GNSS intra- and inter-system biases and the impact on RTK positioning
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
On the temperature sensitivity of multi‑GNSS intra‑ and inter‑system biases and the impact on RTK positioning Xiaolong Mi1,2 · Baocheng Zhang1 · Robert Odolinski3 · Yunbin Yuan1 Received: 25 February 2020 / Accepted: 17 August 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The intra-system biases, including differential code biases (DCBs) and differential phase biases (DPBs), are generally defined as the receiver-dependent hardware delays between different frequencies in a single global navigation satellite system (GNSS) constellation. Likewise, the inter-system biases (ISBs) are the differential code and phase hardware delays between different GNSSs, which are of great relevance for combined processing of multi-GNSS and multi-frequency observations. Although the two biases are usually assumed to remain unchanged for at least 1 day, they sometimes can exhibit remarkable intraday variability, likely due to environmental factors, particularly the ambient temperature. It has been proved that the possible short-term temporal variations of receiver DCBs and DPBs are directly related to ambient temperature fluctuation. We analyze whether the variability of the biases is sensitive to temperature and further identify how this affects the performance of real-time kinematic (RTK) positioning. Our numerical tests, carried out using GPS, BDS-3, Galileo and QZSS observations collected by zero and short baselines, suggest two major findings. First, we found that while ISBs associated with overlapping frequencies are fairly stable, those associated with non-overlapping frequencies can exhibit remarkable variability over a rather short period of time, driven by the changes of ambient temperature. Second, by pre-calibrating and modeling of the biases for the baselines at hand, the empirical success rates and positioning performance can be significantly improved when compared to classical and intersystem differencing, with both models assuming time-invariant receiver DCBs, DPBs and ISBs. Keywords Global navigation satellite system (GNSS) · Differential code biases (DCBs) · Differential phase biases (DPBs) · Inter-system biases (ISBs) · BDS-3 · Real-time kinematic (RTK)
Introduction The development of BDS-3, Galileo, QZSS, and modernization of GPS and GLONASS, more satellites and frequencies are becoming available that benefit global navigation satellite system (GNSS) applications, such as precise point positioning (PPP) and real-time kinematic (RTK) positioning (Yang et al. 2018; Su and Jin 2019). Whereas satellite-based positioning, navigation and timing (PNT) solutions can be provided by a single GNSS constellation, better accuracy,
* Baocheng Zhang [email protected] 1
State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth’s Dynamics, Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Wuhan, China
2
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
3
National School of Surveying, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
integrity, and availability can be achieved by multi-constell
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