Open-Set Identification
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Observations from Speech
Odor Biometrics A DEE A. S CHOON 1, A LLISON M. C URRAN 2, K ENNETH G. F URTON 2 1 Animal Behavior Group, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands 2 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, International Forensic Research Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
Synonyms Osmology; Scent identification line-ups
Definition Human odor can be differentiated among individuals and can therefore be seen as a biometric that can be used to identify this person. Dogs have been trained to identify objects held by a specific person for forensic purposes from the beginning of the twentieth century. Advancing technology has made it possible to identify humans based on ▶ headspace analysis of objects they have handled, opening the route to the use of odor as a biometric.
▶ Speaker Features
Introduction
Ocular Biometrics ▶ Retina Recognition
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2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
From the early twentieth century, dogs have been used to find and identify humans based on their odor. This has originated from the capacity of dogs to follow the track of a person, either by following the odor the person left directly on the ground that the dog needed to follow quite closely (‘‘tracking’’), or by following a broader odor trail that the dogs could follow at some distance (‘‘trailing’’). Some dogs were very
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Odor Biometrics
‘‘track-sure’’: i.e., they continued to follow the specific person in spite of changes in direction, ground surface, and obstacles, in spite of other people having crossed the path earlier or later. Such dogs could also identify the person that had laid that track. This setup is still followed today in the basic training of bloodhounds all over the world. However, a more formalized manner of working with dogs identifying human odors has also evolved, primarily in Europe. This formalized methodology is called ‘‘scent identification line-up,’’ or ‘‘osmology’’, and is applied as a forensic identification tool in several European countries. Dogs are trained to match the odor of a sample to its counterpart in an array of odors. This can be done in different ways [1, 2]. Generally the dog is given a scent sample from a crime scene that presumably contains the odor of the perpetrator. The odor of the suspect and a number of foils, collected in a standardized manner, are offered to the dog as the array. The dog has to match the crime-scene related odor to that of the suspect in the array, and indicate its choice with a learned response. The methods and materials used to collect human odor differ between countries; the exact protocol for working with the dog differs; quality control measures necessary to validate the correctness of the outcome differ; and the way in which the results are evaluated and used during investigation and trial differ between countries too. In spite of efforts to harmonize these differences, they still exist since there is little scientific evidence to select the ‘‘best’’ way: dogs perform best when tested in the way they were trained
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