Opening Remarks

The Arctic environment as a great object of international cooperation is both an ancient and a topical subject.

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NATO Science for Peace and Security Series This Series presents the results of scientific meetings supported under the NATO Programme: Science for Peace and Security (SPS). The NATO SPS Programme supports meetings in the following Key Priority areas: (1) Defence Against Terrorism; (2) Countering other Threats to Security and (3) NATO, Partner and Mediterranean Dialogue Country Priorities. The types of meeting supported are generally “Advanced Study Institutes” and “Advanced Research Workshops”. The NATO SPS Series collects together the results of these meetings. The meetings are co-organized by scientists from NATO countries and scientists from NATO’s “Partner” or “Mediterranean Dialogue” countries. The observations and recommendations made at the meetings, as well as the contents of the volumes in the Series, reflect those of participants and contributors only; they should not necessarily be regarded as reflecting NATO views or policy. Advanced Study Institutes (ASI) are high-level tutorial courses to convey the latest developments in a subject to an advanced-level audience Advanced Research Workshops (ARW) are expert meetings where an intense but informal exchange of views at the frontiers of a subject aims at identifying directions for future action Following a transformation of the programme in 2006 the Series has been re-named and re-organised. Recent volumes on topics not related to security, which result from meetings supported under the programme earlier, may be found in the NATO Science Series. The Series is published by IOS Press, Amsterdam, and Springer, Dordrecht, in conjunction with the NATO Emerging Security Challenges Division. Sub-Series A. B. C. D. E.

Chemistry and Biology Physics and Biophysics Environmental Security Information and Communication Security Human and Societal Dynamics

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Series C: Environmental Security

Springer Springer Springer IOS Press IOS Press

Environmental Security in the Arctic Ocean edited by

Paul Arthur Berkman Arctic Ocean Geopolitics Programme Scott Polar Research Institute/Judge Business School University of Cambridge, United Kingdom and

Alexander N. Vylegzhanin Legal Department of the Council for the Study of Productive Resources Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation

Published in Cooperation with NATO Emerging Security Challenges Division

Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Environmental Security in the Arctic Ocean Cambridge, United Kingdom 13–15 October 2010

Library of Congress Control Number: 2012940845

ISBN 978-94-007-4751-7 (PB) ISBN 978-94-007-4712-8 (HB) ISBN 978-94-007-4713-5 (e-book) DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-4713-5

Published by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. www.springer.com Cover illustration: The cover image from 16 September 2012 shows the minimum extent of sea ice ever recorded in the Arctic Ocean from satellites, starting in 1979. The Bering Strait to the Pacific Ocean is on the left and Greenland extending i