Optical Detectors
Optical detectors are applied in all fields of human activities – from basic research to commercial applications in communication, automotive, medical imaging, homeland security, and other fields. The processes of light interaction with matter described i
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Optical Detect 9. Optical Detectors
9.1
9.2
Photodetector Types, Detection Regimes, and General Figures of Merit ................. 9.1.1 Types of Photodetectors ................ 9.1.2 Sources of Noise ........................... 9.1.3 Detection Regimes........................ 9.1.4 Figures of Merit............................
505 505 505 507 508
Semiconductor Photoconductors ............ 510 9.2.1 Photoconductors – Figures of Merit 510 9.2.2 Photoconductors: Materials and Examples ................ 511
9.3 Semiconductor Photodiodes .................. 9.3.1 Semiconductor Photodiode Principles .................................... 9.3.2 Photodiodes – Figures of Merit ...... 9.3.3 Semiconductor Photodiodes – Materials.....................................
512 512 515 521
9.4 QWIP Photodetectors............................. 527 9.4.1 Structure and Fabrication of QWIPs . 527 9.4.2 QWIPs – Properties and Figures of Merit ...... 528 9.4.3 Applications of QWIPs ................... 529 9.5 QDIP Photodetectors ............................. 529 9.5.1 Structures and Fabrication of QDIPs 529 9.6 Metal–Semiconductor (Schottky Barrier) and Metal–Semiconductor–Metal Photodiodes ........................................ 530 9.6.1 Schottky Barrier Photodiode Properties ................................... 530 9.6.2 Metal–Semiconductor–Metal (MSM) Photodiode ................................. 532 9.7
Detectors with Intrinsic Amplification: Avalanche Photodiodes (APDs) ............... 9.7.1 APD: Principles, Basic Properties, and Typical Structures ................... 9.7.2 APD: Main Characteristics and Figures of Merit............................ 9.7.3 Materials Used to Fabricate APDs ....
9.8 Detectors with Intrinsic Amplification: Phototransistors ................................... 9.8.1 Photosensitive Bipolar Transistor ... 9.8.2 Darlington Phototransistor (Photo-Darlington)....................... 9.8.3 Field-Effect-Based Phototransistors
532 532 534 536 537 537 538 538
9.9 Charge Transfer Detectors...................... 9.9.1 MOS Capacitor .............................. 9.9.2 CCDs Employed as Charge-Coupled Image Sensors (CCISs) .................... 9.9.3 Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) Detectors .....
539 539
9.10 Photoemissive Detectors ....................... 9.10.1 Photoemissive Cell ....................... 9.10.2 Photomultiplier ........................... 9.10.3 Single-Channel Electron Multipliers and Microchannel Plates ...............
546 546 547
543 545
548
9.11 Thermal Detectors ................................ 549 9.11.1 Mechanical Displacement .............. 549 9.11.2 Voltage ....................................... 549
Part B 9
Optical detectors are applied in all fields of human activities – from basic research to commercial applications in communication, automotive, medical imaging, homeland security, and other fields. The processes of light interaction with matter described in other chapters of this handbook form the basis for understanding the optical detectors physics and device prop
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