Optimization of sampling frequency for coastal seawater quality monitoring
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Optimization of sampling frequency for coastal seawater quality monitoring Huu Tuan Do
&
Lan Anh Phan Thi
Received: 27 February 2020 / Accepted: 22 October 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract The selection of an appropriate sampling frequency is very important in monitoring coastal seawater quality. The present study sought to optimize the sampling frequency for coastal seawater quality monitoring. We combined mathematical models with natural and human activities by the analytic hierarchy process method. The study was designed to consider historical monitoring data, regulated seawater quality standard, tide, land use, and ship activities in optimizing coastal seawater sampling frequency in Ha Long Bay, Vietnam. The study results indicated that monitoring activities should focus in points having high human activities as well as high concentration of TSS, ammonium, and oil. Points S1–S8 should have high sampling frequency Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007 /s10661-020-08700-9. H. T. Do (*) Faculty of Environmental Sciences, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai Street, Thanh Xuan District, Ha Noi, Vietnam e-mail: [email protected] L. A. Phan Thi VNU Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology for Environmental Quality and Food Safety Control (KLATEFOS), VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai Street, Thanh Xuan District, Ha Noi, Vietnam L. A. Phan Thi Research Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai Street, Thanh Xuan District, Hanoi, Vietnam
(16–30 samples/year), whereas points S23–S28 can have low sampling frequency (3–5 samples/year). In a year, monitoring activities should be focused in June, July, and August with the number of samples of 42, 54, and 44 pear year (weighting values 0.120, 0.161, and 0.112), respectively. It should consider the mathematical aspects associated with natural and human factors when calculating sampling frequency for coastal seawater quality monitoring. Proposed optimization method can be applied for other coastal regions. Keywords Water monitoring . Water sampling frequency . AHP . Seawater sampling frequency . Ha Long Bay
Introduction Selecting an appropriate sampling frequency for water quality monitoring activities plays an important role in designing a water monitoring network (Sanders et al. 1983). Sampling frequency might affect the results of monitoring activities, as well as the forecasting of trends (Piniewski et al. 2019). A good sampling frequency might help to save time and money in a monitoring program. In previous studies, calculating water sampling frequency was mainly based on mathematical models (Müskens 1978; Kovács et al. 2012), especially statistical tools (V. Naddeo et al. 2013; Vincenzo Naddeo et al. 2007). Optimization of sampling frequency is a practical need to save time and money (Vincenzo
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