Optimization of Shanghai marine environment monitoring sites by integrating spatial correlation and stratified heterogen
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Optimization of Shanghai marine environment monitoring sites by integrating spatial correlation and stratified heterogeneity FAN Haimei1, GAO Bingbo2*, XU Ren1, WANG Jinfeng3 1 East China Sea Environmental Monitoring Center, State Oceanic Administration, Shanghai 201206, China 2 Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry
Sciences, Beijing 100037, China 3 State Key Laboratory of Resources & Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and
Nature Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China Received 16 October 2015; accepted 28 March 2016 ©The Chinese Society of Oceanography and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2017
Abstract
The water quality grades of phosphate (PO4-P) and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) are integrated by spatial partitioning to fit the global and local semi-variograms of these nutrients. Leave-one-out cross validation is used to determine the statistical inference method. To minimize absolute average errors and error mean squares, stratified Kriging (SK) interpolation is applied to DIN and ordinary Kriging (OK) interpolation is applied to PO4-P. Ten percent of the sites is adjusted by considering their impact on the change in deviations in DIN and PO4-P interpolation and the resultant effect on areas with different water quality grades. Thus, seven redundant historical sites are removed. Seven historical sites are distributed in areas with water quality poorer than Grade IV at the north and south branches of the Changjiang (Yangtze River) Estuary and at the coastal region north of the Hangzhou Bay. Numerous sites are installed in these regions. The contents of various elements in the waters are not remarkably changed, and the waters are mixed well. Seven sites that have been optimized and removed are set to water with quality Grades III and IV. Optimization and adjustment of unrestricted areas show that the optimized and adjusted sites are mainly distributed in regions where the water quality grade undergoes transition. Therefore, key sites for adjustment and optimization are located at the boundaries of areas with different water quality grades and seawater. Key words: area of water quality grade, stratified Kriging (SK), leave-one-out cross validation method, spatial simulated annealing method, monitoring sites optimization Citation: Fan Haimei, Gao Bingbo, Xu Ren, Wang Jinfeng. 2017. Optimization of Shanghai marine environment monitoring sites by integrating spatial correlation and stratified heterogeneity. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 36(2): 111–121, doi: 10.1007/s13131-017-0969-3
1 Introduction Many countries have investigated the environmental status of estuaries, bays, and offshore marine areas. The US made guidelines for monitoring and assessing environment of all coastal waters (US EPA, 2010). And many marine environment monitoring programs and monitoring conventions has been made, for the Baltic Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, the North Sea, the East Asian seas and so on (K
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