Origin of non-native Xylosandrus germanus , an invasive pest ambrosia beetle in Europe and North America
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Origin of non‑native Xylosandrus germanus, an invasive pest ambrosia beetle in Europe and North America Marek Dzurenko1 · Christopher M. Ranger2 · Jiri Hulcr3 · Juraj Galko4 · Peter Kaňuch5 Received: 14 March 2020 / Revised: 2 September 2020 / Accepted: 19 September 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Xyleborine ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytinae: Xyleborini) are among the most important and destructive pests in forests, tree nurseries and plantations worldwide. Their cryptic lifestyle, fungal mutualism, inbreeding and broad host range have predisposed them to become remarkably successful invaders and colonize novel habitats across the world. The black timber bark beetle, Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford), is native to East Asia, but now established in North America and Europe. It is an economically significant invasive pest in North American nurseries and orchards, and European forests. Managing and preventing the spread of exotic species such as X. germanus requires an understanding of invasion pathways and mechanisms associated with their source populations. In this study, we sequenced the mitochondrial gene COI and nuclear gene ArgK from six native and 24 non-native X. germanus populations to identify their origins. The genetic structure of X. germanus in non-native habitats is highly uniform and points to introductions from Honshu and/or Hokkaido, Japan. However, different haplotypes of the inferred Japanese source lineage, which dominate in North America and Europe today, together with temporal incidence of records of X. germanus indicate that these continents were invaded independently. While European populations were probably introduced only once prior to 1951, the genetic pattern of North American populations suggests that X. germanus was introduced several times. Keywords Black timber bark beetle · Invasive species · Source populations · COI · ArgK
Key message • Xylosandrus germanus is an important wood-boring pest Communicated by Antonio Biondi. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-020-01283-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Marek Dzurenko [email protected] 1
in orchards, nurseries and forests in North America and Europe. • We investigated the genetic structure of this species in its native and invaded ranges using the mitochondrial COI gene and the nuclear ArgK gene. • Non-native populations are genetically uniform, suggesting a single introduction in Europe and possibly repeated introductions in North America originating from Honshu, Japan. • Wooden commodities imported from Japan should be carefully inspected as this represents the entry pathway.
Department of Integrated Forest and Landscape Protection, Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen, Slovakia
2
Horticultural Insects Research Laboratory, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Wooster, OH, USA
3
School of Forest Resources and Conserva
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