Oxidation State from P(-III) over P(0) to P(+V)
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Olaf Kühl
Phosphorus-31 NMR Spectroscopy A Concise Introduction for the Synthetic Organic and Organometallic Chemist
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Dr. Olaf Kühl Universität Greifswald Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Soldtmannstr. 23 17489 Greifswald Germany Email, personal: [email protected]
ISBN: 978-3-540-79117-1
e-ISBN: 978-3-540-79118-8
Library of Congress Control Number: 2008932569 © 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: Künkel Lopka GmbH Printed on acid-free paper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com
Preface
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance is a powerful tool, especially for the identification of hitherto unknown organic compounds. 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy is known and applied by virtually every synthetically working Organic Chemist. Consequently, the factors governing the differences in chemical shift values, based on chemical environment, bonding, temperature, solvent, pH, etc., are well understood, and specialty methods developed for almost every conceivable structural challenge. Proton and carbon NMR spectroscopy is part of most bachelors degree courses, with advanced methods integrated into masters degree and other graduate courses. In view of this universal knowledge about proton and carbon NMR spectroscopy within the chemical community, it is remarkable that heteronuclear NMR is still looked upon as something of a curiosity. Admittedly, most organic compounds contain only nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur atoms, as well as the obligatory hydrogen and carbon atoms, elements that have an unfavourable isotope distribution when it comes to NMR spectroscopy. Each of these three elements has a dominant isotope: 14 N (99.63% natural abundance), 16O (99.76%), and 32S (95.02%), with 16O, 32S, and 34 S (4.21%) NMR silent. 14N has a nuclear moment I = 1 and a sizeable quadrupolar moment that makes the NMR signals usually very broad and difficult to analyse. There are quite a few less common heteronuclei, particularly in Elementorganic Chemistry, with highly important applications in catalysis, CˆC and CˆN bond forming reactions, Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacy, Green Chemistry and natural product synthesis, to name a few, that would make studying their NMR spectroscopy highly beneficial to
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