Parametric Power Spectral Density Estimation-Based Breakthrough Detection for Orthopedic Bone Drilling with Acoustic Emi
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Parametric Power Spectral Density Estimation-Based Breakthrough Detection for Orthopedic Bone Drilling with Acoustic Emission Signal Analysis Yunis Torun1 · Özhan Pazarci2 Received: 25 December 2019 / Accepted: 4 March 2020 © Australian Acoustical Society 2020
Abstract Manual bone drilling in orthopedic surgical operations may cause injury to patient tissues if the drill bit continues to progress after exiting the bone. In this study, a new bone breakthrough detection algorithm based on acoustic emission (AE) signal analysis has been developed to minimize temporary and permanent injuries that can be caused by surgeon-controlled surgical drills. Three parametric estimation methods, Burg, Yule–Walker and Modified Covariance were used to estimate Power Spectral Density (PSD) of the AE signal during the drilling operation. Four frequency features, Mean Frequency, Median Frequency, Mean–Median and Power Bandwidth were calculated for each PSD estimate. An artificial neural network-based breakthrough detection classification was constructed from the extracted features. The highest breakthrough detection performance was obtained with the features extracted by the Burg method with an accuracy rate of 90.95 ± 0.97% in the training phase and 92.37 ± 1.09% in the test phase. In the detection of Not-Breakthrough situations, the highest accuracy was obtained with features extracted with the Covariance method as 99.04 ± 0.03% in the training phase and 99.05 ± 0.08% in the testing phase. This new approach which could be integrated into conventional drills with minimum configuration changes and without any major cost has the potential to increase the performance and safety of bone drilling procedures. Keywords Orthopedic drill · Breakthrough detection · Power spectral density estimation · Artificial neural network
1 Introduction Surgical drilling is a procedure widely used in many areas in orthopedic, brain, and otolaryngology surgery [1–3]. Plaster casting is the most common treatment for bone fractures in orthopedic treatment. In cases of more severe fractures where plaster casting would be insufficient, intramedullary nails and screws are placed in the bone [4]. When placing implants such as screws and nails into the bone, surgeons drill cylindrical holes in the bone with surgical drills [5–7]. In orthopedic operations, approximately 95% of post-traumatic
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Yunis Torun [email protected] Özhan Pazarci [email protected]
1
Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department ROBOLAB, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, 58140 Sivas, Turkey
2
Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, 58140 Sivas, Turkey
treatments and interventions involve bone perforation [8]. Bone generally consists of three layers as a cancellous bone layer enclosed by two cortical bone layers inside and outside. The mechanical resistance of cancellous bone to compression and repulsion forces is lower than that of cortical bone [9–11]. If surgeons cannot perceive breakthrough of the dri
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