Parents Working Non-standard Schedules and Schools Operating in Two Shifts: Effects on Sleep and Daytime Functioning of
This chapter examines how parental engagement in shift work affects sleep and daytime functioning in adolescents. The subject is introduced by an overview of biological and contextual factors that determine sleep in adolescents, and of parental influences
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ract This chapter examines how parental engagement in shift work affects sleep and daytime functioning in adolescents. The subject is introduced by an overview of biological and contextual factors that determine sleep in adolescents, and of parental influences on adolescents’ sleep. In a new study, we explored the effects of parents’ shift work on sleep quality and daytime functioning of adolescents. Data came from primary-school adolescents (11–14 years) and secondary-school adolescents (15– 18 years) from Croatia (N = 1368), who were living with both employed parents, of whom both, one or neither were shift workers. The adolescents’ school schedule alternated between a week of morning classes and a week of afternoon classes. We did not find any negative effect of parents’ shift work on the sleep quality of adolescents. However, we found a significant negative effect on depressed mood for all adolescents (p < 0.01, eta = 0.10), and a negative effect on daytime sleepiness limited to secondary-school adolescents (p < 0.05, eta = 0.22). Sleepiness made the greatest contribution to depressed mood (β = 0.42, p < 0.001), but it did not cancel out the contribution of shift work (when both parents were shift workers) as a predictor of depressed mood (β = 0.09, p < 0.001). The results add to previous knowledge on the negative effects of parents’ engagement in shift work on the sleep patterns of adolescents. Implications for future studies are discussed.
B. Radošević-Vidaček (&) A. Košćec M. Bakotić Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, PO Box 291, HR-l000l Zagreb, Croatia e-mail: [email protected] A. Košćec Department of Psychology, Centre for Croatian Studies, University of Zagreb, Borongajska cesta 83d, HR-l0000 Zagreb, Croatia © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 I. Iskra-Golec et al. (eds.), Social and Family Issues in Shift Work and Non Standard Working Hours, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-42286-2_6
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1 Introduction According to the bioecological approach (Bronfenbrenner and Morris 2006) activities and relations within a family are shaped by a broad context that includes factors such as the parents’ workplace and the child’s school. One way in which these two factors impact family life is through the temporal organization of the lives of family members. The main external factor affecting the temporal structure of a 24 h period for the majority of parents is working time. In addition to standard working time, parents’ employment can take various non-standard forms that are common in many countries, e.g. Australia (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2009), Canada (Williams 2008), the US (Presser 2005) and countries of the European Union (Eurofound 2012). Data from 27 EU countries showed that 21 % of wage earners did shift work, 5 % worked at night often/very often per month, 18 % worked during weekends, and 22 % worked on call. Men and women were equally likely to work shifts and on weekends, but night work and work on-call were more likely in
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