Particle physics violating crypto-nonlocal realism
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Regular Article - Theoretical Physics
Particle physics violating crypto-nonlocal realism Entangled mesons Yu Shi1,a , Ji-Chong Yang1,2 1 2
Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China Department of Physics, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China
Received: 14 February 2020 / Accepted: 2 September 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract It has been well established that quantum mechanics (QM) violates Bell inequalities (BI), which are consequences of local realism (LR). Remarkably QM also violates Leggett inequalities (LI), which are consequences of a class of nonlocal realism called crypto-nonlocal realism (CNR). Both LR and CNR assume that measurement outcomes are determined by preexisting objective properties, as well as hidden variables (HV) not considered in QM. We extend CNR and LI to include the case that the measurement settings are not externally fixed, but determined by HV. We derive a new version of LI, which is then shown to be violated by entangled Bd mesons, if charge–conjugation–parity (CP) symmetry is indirectly violated, as indeed established. The experimental result is quantitatively estimated by using the indirect CP violation parameters, and the maximum of a suitably defined relative violation is about 2.7%. Our work implies that particle physics violates CNR. Our LI can also be tested in other systems such as photon polarizations.
1 Introduction In 1935, Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen (EPR) questioned the completeness of QM, by applying a criterion of LR to a pair of particles in a quantum state which Schrödinger subsequently referred to as entangled [1,2]. Locality means that two events cannot have any mutual physical influence if they are spacelike separated, that is, their spatial separation is larger than the distance the fastest physical signal, i.e. the light, can travel within the time difference between the two events. In 1964, Bell proposed the first BI satisfied by any local realistic theory while violated by QM [3]. A more experimentally suitable version of BI, called Clauser– Horne–Shimony–Holt inequality [4], was demonstrated to be violated in many experiments, including the ones closing a e-mail:
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the locality loophole [5,6], the detection loophole [7,8], and both [9–11]. To close yet another loophole called measuring setting or freedom of choice loophole, observations of Milky Way stars [12,13] and human choices [14] have been employed. Great progress has been made in making use of quantum entanglement in quantum information science. With the conflict between LR and QM well established, it is important to identify which aspects of LR are the sources of the conflict. For this purpose, Leggett in 2003 proposed the LI, which is satisfied by CNR and is violated by QM [15]. This means that even nonlocal realism, at least a subset, cannot avoid the conflict with QM, so the source of conflict seems to be more likely realism. In 2007, a version of LI was experimentally demonstrated to be violated b
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