Passivation capability of carbon black layers for screen-printed battery applications with Ag current collectors
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Passivation capability of carbon black layers for screen‑printed battery applications with Ag current collectors Patrick Rassek1,3 · Erich Steiner2 · Timothy C. Claypole3 · Martin Krebs4 · Michael Herrenbauer1,2 Received: 15 May 2020 / Accepted: 30 June 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Screen-printed thin-film batteries comprise current collectors typically realised with commercially available conductive silver inks primarily designed for non-critical printed electronics applications. The avoidance of electrochemical interaction of metallic silver with the respective battery chemistry requires printing of an additional passivation layer. The wide range of printing inks available makes it difficult for researchers to select and qualify battery specific inks that ensure a long-life cycle without limitation of relevant battery performance parameters. This study presents a novel method to quantify the passivation capability of carbon black passivation layers for silver current collectors in 6.0 M potassium hydroxide and 5.8 M zinc chloride aqueous electrolyte solutions. Cyclic voltammetry is used to determine possible electrochemical interaction of passivated current collectors with the electrolyte media which constitute battery performance degrading parasitic side reactions. An innovative approach based on Faraday’s law of electrolysis is presented to transform cyclic voltammogram curve progressions into comparable numerical values. The mathematical approach allows quantitative comparison of individually fabricated passivation layers with respect to their passivation capability instead of interpreting a large number of cyclic voltammograms. Keywords Printed flexible batteries · Current collectors · Corrosion · Electrochemistry · Cyclic voltammetry · Electrochemical passivation
1 Introduction Wearable self-powered health-monitoring patches [1–5] and flexible smart packaging devices for cold chain logistics [6–9] are innovative printed electronics applications expected to be implemented in large volume markets. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-020-03785-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Patrick Rassek rassek@hdm‑stuttgart.de 1
Department of Packaging Technology, Stuttgart Media University, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
2
Innovative Applications of the Printing Technologies, Stuttgart Media University, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
3
Welsh Centre for Printing and Coating, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
4
VARTA Microbattery GmbH, Innovative Projects, 73479 Ellwangen, Germany
Printed batteries with customised voltage levels and discharge capacities are predestined to act as life cycle specific power sources for proper device operation [10–19]. In recent years, advances in material sciences and fabrication techniques resulted in considerable improvements of printed battery performance metrics. The primary zinc–manganese d
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