Pathways to Gang Involvement and Drug Distribution Social, Environme
This book uses a multi-methods study of incarcerated youths to examine the pathways to gang involvement, the drug distribution system and hierarchy within gangs, levels of traumatic stress and depression among gang-involved youths, and other mechanisms
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Inger-Lise Lien
Pathways to Gang Involvement and Drug Distribution Social, Environmental, and Psychological Factors
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Inger-Lise Lien NKVTS, Gullhaugvn. 1-3, 0484 Oslo Norway Translation by Horizon Translating & Interpreting, LLC www.horizontranslating.com
Translation from the Norwegian language edition: I Bakvendtland: kriminelle liv by Inger-Lise Lien © Universitetsforlaget 2011. All rights reserved © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014.
ISBN 978-3-319-01663-4 ISBN 978-3-319-01664-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-01664-1 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2013948225 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
In memory of my mother Carla, who was a prison visitor
Preface
Why does a person start performing criminal acts? The working title of the project on which this book is based was “Ways into Criminality.” The aim was to understand why and how young people in Norway, whether with Norwegian, immigrant or refugee background, became criminals and members of gangs. Is adolescence for immigrant youth a more vulnerable time than for youth with ethnic Norwegian background? Fifty inmates in five Norwegian prisons were interviewed. In
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