PCR Methods for Detecting GM Crops and Food in Agriculture and the Food Chain: A Review
Frequent trade circulation and controversy over edible and environmental safety make genetically modified organisms (GMOs) a social concern. Nations have proposed labeling requirements to satisfy the consumers’ rights and guarantee national commercial int
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PCR Methods for Detecting GM Crops and Food in Agriculture and the Food Chain: A Review
Abstract Frequent trade circulation and controversy over edible and environmental safety make genetically modified organisms (GMOs) a social concern. Nations have proposed labeling requirements to satisfy the consumers’ rights and guarantee national commercial interests. Besides basic situation in global GM crops cultivation and production, the detecting techniques are frequently used for detecting genetically modified organisms (GMOs) from raw products. The techniques mainly include polymerase chain reaction (PCR), quantitative PCR (qPCR), digital PCR (dPCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), biosensors, and many others and are systematically described and discussed in this chapter. The chapter mainly discusses the development of detecting techniques, as well as the endogenous genes, standard substances, and restraining factors. The problems and prospects of detection techniques of GMOs are also noted. Keywords GM food • PCR • Flanking sequence • Biosensors • High-throughput detection
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Introduction
A main aim for crop breeding technologies is to increase crop production and resist natural diseases. Crossing different varieties and species to select dominant species has become a preferred solution. However, intra-variety combination and selection involves mixing thousands of genes, with some unpredicted results. Radiation and chemical mutants are likely to carry a baggage of uncharacterized genetic changes with unknown effects. Genetically modification technology is a fast-developing breeding biotechnology that produces directional varieties. It is an innovative effort that involves inserting specific genes into the host genome artificially and, more importantly, specifically [1, 2]. In 1977, Eugene Nester, Milton Gordon, and MaryDell Chilton found that genes from plasmids carried by Agrobacterium tumefaciens could be inserted into the host plant DNA [3, 4]. The source of genetically modified organisms can be traced back to Paul Berg. This Nobel Prize winner in chemistry in 1980 constructed a DNA molecule by cutting viral and bacterial DNA with restriction enzymes and then recombining them [5]. The ensuring scientific developments and high demands for food security have given rise to genetically modified © Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2016 W. Xu, Functional Nucleic Acids Detection in Food Safety, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-1618-9_14
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14 PCR Methods for Detecting GM Crops and Food in Agriculture and the Food. . .
Fig. 14.1 GM crop situation in 2014. (a) GM crop categories commercialized all over the world, based on the ISAAA report. The top three are maize (green), soybean (blue), and canola (yellow). (b) Global area of biotech crops from 1996 to 2014 (Reproduced from James 2015)
organisms (GMOs). Now these GMOs led to the great progress, improving numerous species mainly with high yield, stress resistance, and superior agronomic performance as well as enhanced quality and nutrition [6–8]. A
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