Pedestrian and Cyclist Impact A Biomechanical Perspective
The protection of pedestrians is the most important global road safety priority. This is the first book to provide a detailed treatment of the physical processes which occur when pedestrians and cyclists are struck by motorised vehicles. The principal foc
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SOLID MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS Volume 166
Series Editor:
G.M.L. GLADWELL Department of Civil Engineering University of Waterloo Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3GI
Aims and Scope of the Series The fundamental questions arising in mechanics are: Why?, How?, and How much? The aim of this series is to provide lucid accounts written by authoritative researchers giving vision and insight in answering these questions on the subject of mechanics as it relates to solids. The scope of the series covers the entire spectrum of solid mechanics. Thus it includes the foundation of mechanics; variational formulations; computational mechanics; statics, kinematics and dynamics of rigid and elastic bodies: vibrations of solids and structures; dynamical systems and chaos; the theories of elasticity, plasticity and viscoelasticity; composite materials; rods, beams, shells and membranes; structural control and stability; soils, rocks and geomechanics; fracture; tribology; experimental mechanics; biomechanics and machine design. The median level of presentation is the first year graduate student. Some texts are monographs defining the current state of the field; others are accessible to final year undergraduates; but essentially the emphasis is on readability and clarity.
For other titles published in this series, go to www.springer.com/series/6557
Ciaran Simms
•
Denis Wood
Pedestrian and Cyclist Impact A Biomechanical Perspective
Ciaran Simms Centre for Bioengineering Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
Denis Wood Denis Wood Associates Consulting Forensic Engineers Dublin Ireland
ISBN 978-90-481-2742-9 e-ISBN 978-90-481-2743-6 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2009931917 © 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, B.V. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed on acid-free paper
Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
To Lynn
Table of Contents
Foreword
xi
Acknowledgements
xiii
About the Authors
xv
Chapter 1: Introduction
1
Chapter 2: Pedestrian and Cyclist Injuries Introduction Global View of Pedestrian and Cyclist Fatality and Injury Rates Main Pedestrian and Cyclist Injury Database Sources Distribution of Pedestrian Injuries Distribution of Cyclist Injuries Injury Risk as a Function of Age and Sex The Distribution of Vehicle Impact Speeds Injuries from Vehicle and from Ground Contact Injury Risk as a Function of Vehicle Size and Type Injuries and Disabilities Pedestrian Injury Trends over Time Concluding Remarks
5 5 5 7 8 10 16 17 21 21 24 25 25
Chapter 3: Pedestrian and Cyclist Impact Kinematics Introduction Sources for Studying Pedestrian and Cyclist Mov
