Pediatric Cervical Ultrasonography
Thyroglossal cysts are secondary to the persistence of portions of Bochdalek’s duct (thyrolingual duct), the embryologic pathway of descent of the thyroid gland. This duct runs from the foramen cecum at the base of the tongue, through the lingual muscles,
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Pediatric Cervical Ultrasonography ANNE GEOFFRAY, CATHERINE GAREL
CONTENTS 9.1 9.1.1 9.1.1.1 9.1.1.2 9.1.1.3 9.1.2 9.1.2.1 9.1.2.2 9.1.2.3 9.1.2.4 9.1.3 9.1.4 9.1.5 9.2 9.3 9.3.1 9.3.1.1 9.3.1.2 9.3.1.3 9.3.1.4 9.3.2 9.3.2.1 9.3.2.2 9.3.3 9.4 9.4.1 9.4.1.1 9.4.1.2 9.4.2 9.4.3 9.5 9.5.1 9.5.1.1 9.5.1.2 9.5.1.3 9.5.1.4 9.5.2
Congenital Anomalies 287 Thyroglossal Cysts 287 General Features 287 Sonographic Features 288 Course 289 Branchial Cysts, Sinuses, and Fistulas 289 First Branchial Arch Cysts 289 Second Branchial Arch Cysts 290 Third Branchial Arch Anomalies 291 Fourth Branchial Arch Anomalies 291 Laryngeal Cysts 291 Other Cysts 292 Thymic Anomalies 292 Fibromatosis Colli 293 Nodal Masses 294 Infections 294 Bacterial Lymphadenopathy 294 Infectious Mononucleosis 294 Cat -scratch Disease 294 Tuberculous and Atypical Mycobacterial Adenitis 296 Malignancy 296 Hemopathies 297 Solid Tumors 297 Characterization of Lymph Nodes 297 Non-nodal Tumoral Pathologies 297 Vascular Tumors and Malformations 297 Hemangiomas 297 Lymphangiomas 298 Cervical Neurogenic Tumors 299 Other Masses 300 Salivary Glands 302 Parotid Gland 302 Inflammatory Disease 302 Benign Tumors 304 Malignant Tumors 304 Lithiasis 304 Submandibular Glands 304
A. GEOFFRAY, MD H6pital Lenval, Service de Radiodiagnostic, 57 avenue de la Californie, 06200 Nice, France C. GAREL,MD Service de Radiologie, H6pital Robert Debre, 75935 Paris Cedex 19, France
9.5.3 9.6 9.6.1 9.6.1.1 9.6.1.2 9.6.1.3 9.6.2 9.6.3 9.6.4 9.6.5 9.6.6 9.7 9.7.1 9.7.2 9.7.3 9.7.3.1 9.7.3.2 9.7.3.3 9.7.3.4 9.8 9.8.1 9.8.2 9.8.3
Submental Gland 305 Thyroid Gland 305 Congenital Anomalies 306 Athyrosis 306 Hypothyroidism Due to Dyshormonogenesis 306 Transient Hypothyroidism 306 Hyperthyroidism 307 Inflammation (Thyroiditis) 307 Benign Tumors 307 Malignant Tumors 310 Post-therapy Features 310 Larynx 311 Technique 311 Sonographic Anatomy 311 Pathology 311 Malformations 312 Tumors 312 Trauma 313 Functional Disease: Laryngeal Paralysis 313 Tongue 314 Examination Technique 314 Sonographic Anatomy 314 Pathology 315 References 316
9.1
Congenital Anomalies
9.1.1 Thyroglossal Cysts
9.1.1.1 General Features
Thyroglossal cysts are secondary to the persistence of portions of Bochdalek's duct (thyrolingual duct), the embryologic pathway of descent of the thyroid gland. This duct runs from the foramen cecum at the base of the tongue, through the lingual muscles, the mylohyoid muscle, and the anterior cervical triangle, passes around the hyoid bone from the front to the back, then courses anterior to the hyothyroid membrane and terminates at the level of the thyroid isthmus (Diagram 9.1). Defective closure of this duct results in
J. N. Bruneton (ed.), Applications of Sonography in Head and Neck Pathology © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2002
A. Geoffray and C. Garel
288
( various locatins of thyroglossal duct cysts
Diagram 9.1. Embryologic pathway of descent of the thyroid gland
Fig. 9.1. Well-defined hypoechoic nodule in a 2-year-old boy: uncomplicated thyroglossal duct cyst
formation of a cy
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