Penal Elitism: Anatomy of a Professorial Ideology
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Penal Elitism: Anatomy of a Professorial Ideology Victor L. Shammas1,2
© Springer Nature B.V. 2019
Abstract In recent decades, many scholars have invoked the concept of penal populism to explain the adoption of “tough on crime” measures and a wider politics of “law and order” across the post-industrialized world. But scholars who invoke the concept often betray an implicit commitment to its twin ideology—penal elitism—the belief that penal policymaking should not be subjected to public debate and that matters pertaining to crime control and punishment should be left to experts or specialists. The doctrine contains four key properties: isolationism; scientism; a narrow notion of “the political”; and a thin conception of “populism.” Isolationism involves creating buffers around arenas of social life—including criminal justice systems—to remove them from what is held to be undue democratic influence. Scientism is the overvaluation of scientific reason and the dismissal of a public believed to be emotional, irrational, or exceedingly simplistic. Politics conceived narrowly limits “the political” to that which takes place within the formal political system, ignoring the wider notion of politics as the exercise of symbolic power in everyday life, which extends far beyond the political system as such. The thin conception of “populism” ignores the fact that populism is an ideology promising to protect the public from harms of neoliberal capitalism that nevertheless fails to offer a plausible alternative to market rule. In this article, I argue that in place of either penal populism or penal elitism, academics should engage in democratically grounded practices to reverse harsh justice by including the public in a reformulated politics of punishment.
Introduction The concept of penal populism has, in recent years, produced extensive debate within the sociology of punishment (see, e.g., Bottoms 1995; Pratt 2007; Shammas 2016). Anecdotally, a search for penal populism on Google Scholar now returns more than three thousand articles and books making reference to the term.1 The notion has become so prevalent 1
The term, penal populism, resulted in 3730 hits on Google Scholar on August 1, 2019.
* Victor L. Shammas [email protected] 1
Work Research Institute (AFI), Oslo Metropolitan University, PO Box 4, St. Olavs plass, 0130 Oslo, Norway
2
Department of Criminology and Sociology of Law, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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in penological discourse that a definition of the term hardly seems necessary: it has been absorbed into the penological lexicon as a common idiom or phrase. In brief, scholars of crime and punishment have taken penal populism to refer to the ways in which politicians, political parties, and other governing elites have competed with one another in presenting themselves as leading exponents of a politics of “law and order,” promising electorates a “tough on crime” approach, including raised sentencing levels and increasingly austere conditions of confineme
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