Perceived Control and Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation for Oral Self-Care: A Full Factorial Experimental Test of Theor
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Perceived Control and Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation for Oral Self-Care: A Full Factorial Experimental Test of Theory-Based Persuasive Messages Liam Staunton, M.Sc & Paul Gellert, Ph.D. & Keegan Knittle, Ph.D. & Falko F. Sniehotta, Ph.D.
# The Society of Behavioral Medicine 2014
Abstract Background Correlational evidence suggests that perceived control (PC) and intrinsic motivation (IM), key constructs in social cognitive and self-determination theories, may interact to reinforce behavior change. Purpose This proof-of-principle study examines the independent and synergistic effects of interventions to increase PC and IM upon dental flossing frequency. Methods University students (n=185) were randomized in a 2×2 full factorial design to receive two computer-based interventions: one to either increase or decrease PC and another to increase either IM or extrinsic motivation. These constructs were measured immediately post-intervention; flossing behavior was measured 1 week later.
L. Staunton School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK P. Gellert : K. Knittle : F. F. Sniehotta Health Psychology Group, Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK P. Gellert Institute of Medical Sociology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany K. Knittle MoveLab, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK F. F. Sniehotta Fuse Centre for Translational Research in Public Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK F. F. Sniehotta (*) Institute of Health & Society, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Baddiley-Clark Building, Richardson Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, UK e-mail: [email protected]
Results The interventions to increase PC and PC/IM had main and interaction effects on flossing, respectively. The PC/IM interaction effect was mediated by increases in PC and IM. Conclusions Combining interventions to increase PC and IM seems to be a promising avenue of research, which has implications for both theory and intervention development. Keywords Self-determination theory . Social cognitive theory . Perceived control . Intrinsic motivation . Full factorial design . Dental flossing
Introduction Health behavior theories provide conceptual frameworks for empirical research into health behavior change. They summarize relevant evidence and suggest hypotheses about future observations, making them amenable to empirical tests [1]. Where theoretical hypotheses conflict with one another, empirical research can be used to identify which theory best accounts for actual observations. In 2005, Noar and Zimmerman [2] reviewed empirical studies of health behavior theories and found only 19 studies that tested theories against one another—all using correlational designs. Experimental tests of the effects of manipulating theorybased variables can provide for more stringent tests of theories [3, 4], and factorial designs allow for comparisons between competing theory-based hypotheses. In addition, fa
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