Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) psychometric properties in migrants and native Germans
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) psychometric properties in migrants and native Germans Christina Diane Bastianon1* , Eva M. Klein2, Ana Nanette Tibubos2, Elmar Brähler2, Manfred E. Beutel2† and Katja Petrowski1†
Abstract Background: With the increasing diversity of the German population, it is important to test the psychometric validity and reliability of the German version Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) specifically between German natives and residents with a migration background. Methods: Using nationally representative data (N = 2527), this study conducted an Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) to determine the most appropriate factor structure, a Multi-Group Confirmatory Factor Analysis (MGCFA) to compare the validity of the two-factor structure and tested the PSS-10 measurement invariance between the German native and migrant sub-samples. Lastly, reliability of the PSS-10 was examined via Cronbach’s alpha, omega and individual item analyses across the two sub-samples. Results: The EFA results support a two-factor structure in the migrant sample. The MGCFA showed adequate model fit for both sub-samples and the PSS-10 is strict invariant between German natives and migrants. Cronbach’s alpha and omega for Perceived Helplessness (PHS: factor 1) and Perceived Self-Efficacy (PSES: factor 2) demonstrate good internal consistency in both German and migrant sub-samples. Conclusions: The key conclusions are: (1) the German version PSS-10 is suitable for German residents with a migration background. (2) Despite good internal consistency for the total scale, the PSS-10 measures two aspects: (a) perceived helplessness and (b) perceived self-efficacy. Future research would profit from analyzing the two subscales separately, not only using the total score. Keywords: PSS, Psychometric properties, Stress, Migration, Measurement invariance
Background Mental health and specifically stress have gained attention as public health concerns by the European Regional Office of the World Health Organization (WHO) and by the German national government. Objective 1 of The European Mental Health Action Plan 2013–2020 [1] focuses on equal * Correspondence: [email protected] Manfred E. Beutel and Katja Petrowski shared Senior Authorship 1 Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg, University Mainz, Mainz, Germany Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
opportunities for mental health well-being, specifically recognizing vulnerable or at risk groups. The Stress Report Germany 2012 [2] echoes the importance of bringing attention to and researching the impacts of stress and mental health, especially in the ever-changing work environment. The Stress Report Germany 2012 [2] found that perceived stress and the number of health complaints increased from the 2005/2006 report. Most importantly, both the WHO European Regional Office and Stress Report 2012 emphasize the inequality of how stress and mental health impact various groups,
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