Performance Evaluation of Private Ethereum Networks
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Performance Evaluation of Private Ethereum Networks Fátima Leal1 · Adriana E. Chis1 · Horacio González–Vélez1 Received: 31 July 2020 / Accepted: 5 August 2020 © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd 2020
Abstract This paper provides a performance evaluation of private blockchain networks based on Ethereum, an open-source blockchain platform. Different sectors with stringent blockchain security, privacy, and auditability requirements have adopted Ethereum private networks to keep their data exclusive within a permission group. However, the concrete performance of private Ethereum networks—i.e., transactions or smart contract interactions—has received limited attention. We have set an Ethereum private network to study the following configuration parameters: (1) distinct transaction complexity; (2) different block sizes; (3) two consensus algorithms, namely Proof-of-Work and Proof-of-Authority; and (4) multiple network nodes. Our evaluation has employed time series datasets from the pharma industry, where high levels of security, privacy, and auditability are always required. However, this evaluation approach is domain-agnostic being valid for other fields. We have observed an inverse correlation between the amount of transactions per block and the block period. In this context, we have determined linear models for the simple (low gas limit) and the complex transactions (high gas limit). The model enables to calculate the block period for a specific amount of transactions to be committed in a block. We also include predictive modelling for an optimal configuration taking into account the amount of transactions to commit into a blockchain network. Keywords Blockchain · Performance · Gas limit · Ethereum · Private networks · Pharmaceutical manufacturing · Auditability
Introduction As a promising technology with intrinsic properties such as security, authenticity, immutability, and transparency, blockchain started to be popularly used in cryptocurrencies at the dawn of the last decade [14]. Blockchain is especially suitable for environments that require temporal order storage This work has been developed under the auspice of the “Smart Pharmaceutical Manufacturing (SPuMoNI)” research project (www.spumoni.eu) funded from 2019 to 2022 by CHIST-ERA, the Horizon 2020 Future and Emerging Technologies programme of the European Union through the ERA-NET Cofund funding scheme (CHIST-ERA BDSI Call 2017), and the Irish Research Council. * Fátima Leal [email protected] Adriana E. Chis [email protected] Horacio González–Vélez [email protected] 1
Cloud Competency Centre, National College of Ireland, Dublin D01 Y300, Ireland
with the assurance that data records will remain unaltered and private, given that storage is certified by distributed entities rather than a single central authority. This initial cryptocurrency phase to eliminate a centralised authority is widely adumbrated as Blockchain 1.0. Then, with the introduction of smart contracts—computer code distributedly executed and automatically enfo
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