Personal and Psychosocial Predictors of Doping Use in Physical Activity Settings: A Meta-Analysis
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SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Personal and Psychosocial Predictors of Doping Use in Physical Activity Settings: A Meta-Analysis Nikos Ntoumanis • Johan Y. Y. Ng • Vassilis Barkoukis • Susan Backhouse
Published online: 20 August 2014 Ó Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014
Abstract Background There is a growing body of empirical evidence on demographic and psychosocial predictors of doping intentions and behaviors utilizing a variety of variables and conceptual models. However, to date there has been no attempt to quantitatively synthesize the available evidence and identify the strongest predictors of doping. Objectives Using meta-analysis, we aimed to (i) determine effect sizes of psychological (e.g. attitudes) and social-contextual factors (e.g. social norms), and demographic (e.g. sex and age) variables on doping intentions and use; (ii) examine variables that moderate such effect sizes; and (iii) test a path analysis model, using the metaanalyzed effect sizes, based on variables from the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0240-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. N. Ntoumanis (&) Health Psychology and Behavioural Medicine Research Group, School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia e-mail: [email protected] J. Y. Y. Ng Department of Sports Science and Physical Education Faculty of Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong V. Barkoukis Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece S. Backhouse Institute of Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Metropolitan University, Headingley Campus, Leeds, UK
Data Sources Articles were identified from online databases, by contacting experts in the field, and searching the World Anti-Doping Agency website. Study Eligibility Criteria and Participants Studies that measured doping behaviors and/or doping intentions, and at least one other demographic, psychological, or socialcontextual variable were included. We identified 63 independent datasets. Study Appraisal and Synthesis Method Study information was extracted by using predefined data fields and taking into account study quality indicators. A random effects meta-analysis was carried out, correcting for sampling and measurement error, and identifying moderator variables. Path analysis was conducted on a subset of studies that utilized the TPB. Results Use of legal supplements, perceived social norms, and positive attitudes towards doping were the strongest positive correlates of doping intentions and behaviors. In contrast, morality and self-efficacy to refrain from doping had the strongest negative association with doping intentions and behaviors. Furthermore, path analysis suggested that attitudes, perceived norms, and selfefficacy to refrain from doping predicted intentions to dope and, indirectly, doping behaviors.
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