Pesticide tolerance induced by a generalized stress response in wood frogs ( Rana sylvatica )
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Pesticide tolerance induced by a generalized stress response in wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) Logan S. Billet
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Jason T. Hoverman
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Accepted: 31 August 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Increasing evidence suggests that phenotypic plasticity can play a critical role in ecotoxicology. More specifically, induced pesticide tolerance, in which populations exposed to a contaminant show increased tolerance to the contaminants later, has been documented in multiple taxa. However, the physiological mechanisms of induced tolerance remain unclear. We hypothesized that induced pesticide tolerance is the result of a generalized stress response based on previous studies showing that both natural stressors and anthropogenic stressors can induce tolerance to pesticides. We tested this hypothesis by first exposing larval wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) to either an anthropogenic stressor (sublethal carbaryl concentration), a natural stressor (cues from a caged predator), or a simulated stressor via exogenous exposure to the stress hormone corticosterone (125 nM). We also included treatments that inhibited corticosterone synthesis with the compound metyrapone (MTP). We then exposed the larvae to a lethal carbaryl treatment to assess time to death. We found that prior exposure to 125 nM of exogenous CORT and predator cues induced tolerance to a lethal concentration of carbaryl through a slight delay in time to death. Pre-exposure to sublethal carbaryl, as well as MTP alone or in combination with predator cues, did not induce tolerance to the lethal carbaryl concentration relative to the ethanol vehicle control treatment. Our study provides evidence that pesticide tolerance can be induced by a generalized stress response both in the presence and absence (exogenous CORT) of specific cues and highlights the importance of considering physiological ecology and environmental context in ecotoxicology. Keywords Generalized stress response Glucocorticoids Inducible tolerance Amphibian Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor ●
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Introduction As human populations have continued to grow, the effects of anthropogenic stressors such as climate change, habitat destruction, and chemical contaminants on wildlife have become more pronounced (Woodward et al. 2010; Corlett 2015; Haddad et al. 2015; Bernhardt et al. 2017). There is growing evidence that globally ubiquitous chemical contaminants can have wide-ranging negative effects on individuals, communities, and ecosystems (Köhler and Triebskorn 2013). Pesticides are a particular concern
Supplementary information Supplementary information is available for this paper at (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-020-02277-2). * Logan S. Billet [email protected] 1
Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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because of their toxicity, environmental persistence, and heavy use in agriculture and pest control (Relyea and Hoverman 2006; Kashiwagi et al. 2009; Köhler and Triebskorn
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