Pests
More than 100 pests are known to attack grapes in India. Among them, thrips, mealybugs, stem borer, mites, bats and birds are considered to cause serious losses in various regions if adequate and timely preventive and curative measures are not taken. Yiel
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Pests
More than 100 pests are known to attack grapes in India. Among them, thrips, mealybugs, stem borer, mites, bats and birds are considered to cause serious losses in various regions if adequate and timely preventive and curative measures are not taken. Yield losses as high as 80 % have been reported on grapes due to insect pests in India.
Insects Insects take a heavy toll on the grape crop. A total of 132 insects are known to attack grapevines worldwide. Of these, only about ten species are considered to cause losses in various regions and different grape-growing states of India. Only some are considered frequently serious, while the others are regarded as minor pests.
Homopteran Pests Thrips Thrips are regular and major pests in all grapegrowing areas in India and elsewhere in the world.
Mani M. et al., The Grape Entomology, DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-1617-9_3, # Springer India 2014
Species Species of thrips recorded on grapes in different countries are listed in Table 3.1. Some of the thrips species have been accidentally introduced from one country to another. Drepanothrips reuteri Uzel originated from California and was accidentally introduced into Europe, where it had not previously been seen. In India, Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus Hood, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood, Thrips hawaiiensis Morgan and Retithrips syriacus Mayet and Thrips palmi Karny are found to cause damage to grapevines (Mani et al. 2008). The adult R. cruentatus is a tiny black-coloured insect; nymphs are reddish yellow. They were first reported in Tamil Nadu in March 1916 (Ayyar 1932). Since then, they have been reported in a number of places, such as Punjab (Afzal Hussain 1923;Trehan1956;Bindra andVerma1965),Andhra Pradesh (Venkataratnam 1968), Tamil Nadu and Mysore (Karny 1927; Ayyar 1929, 1932). They are highly polyphagous, thriving on rose, jamun, calotropis, almond, cashew nut, guava and mango. S. dorsalis, another major pest, is yellowish white. It is very commonly found on grapes in peninsular India (Duraimurugan and Jagadish
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Pests
Table 3.1 List of thrips species recorded on grapes in different countries Species Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)
Frankliniella rodeos Moulton Frankliniella minuta Moulton Frankliniella gardeniae Moulton Frankliniella cestrum Moulton Rubiothrips vitis (Priesner)
Thrips tabaci (Lindeman)
Drepanothrips reuteri Uzel
Thrips imaginis Bagnall Thrips obscuratus (Crawford) Aeolothrips fasciatus (Linn.)
Region Turkey Spain South Africa Mexico Sicily Italy France Chile Brazil Greece California Uruguay Crete Brazil
Reference Ozsemerci et al. (2011) Lucas Espadas et al. (2011) Allsopp (2010) Guerra-Sobrevilla (1989) Buonocore et al. (1998) Somma et al. (1998) Baldacchino-Reynaud (1999) Gonzalez (2001) Nali et al. (2004) Tsitsipis et al. (2003) Tipping et al. (2003) Mujica et al. (2007) Roditakis and Roditakis (2007) Formolo et al. (2011)
California
Flaherty et al. (1992)
Brazil
Botton et al. (2007)
Spain Chile Turkey Romania Iran Azerbaijan Turkey Romania Iran Chile France South Africa Cre
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