Pharmacogenomics of Pain Management

Medicine has been continuously challenged, as well as stimulated, by the extraordinary variability in patient response to pharmacotherapy. The new age of identification of risk factors associated with pharmacotherapy using the methods of molecular medicin

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Timothy R. Deer Editor-in-chief

Michael S. Leong Associate Editor-in-chief

Asokumar Buvanendran • Vitaly Gordin Philip S. Kim • Sunil J. Panchal • Albert L. Ray Associate Editors

Comprehensive Treatment of Chronic Pain by Medical, Interventional, and Integrative Approaches the American Academy of Pain Medicine

Textbook on Patient Management

Editor-in-chief Timothy R. Deer, M.D. President and CEO The Center for Pain Relief Clinical Professor of Anesthesiology West Virginia University School of Medicine Charleston, WV, USA Associate Editor-in-chief Michael S. Leong, M.D. Clinic Chief Stanford Pain Medicine Center Redwood City, CA, USA Clinical Associate Professor Department of Anesthesiology Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, CA, USA

Associate Editors Asokumar Buvanendran, M.D. Professor Department of Anesthesiology Rush Medical College Director Orthopedic Anesthesia Rush University Medical Center Chicago, IL, USA Vitaly Gordin, M.D. Associate Professor Associate Vice Chair of Pain Management Department of Anesthesiology Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine Director Pain Medicine Milton S. Hershey Medical Center Hershey, PA, USA Philip S. Kim, M.D. Medical Director Center for Interventional Pain & Spine, Newark, DE and Bryn Mawr, PA, USA Sunil J. Panchal, M.D. President National Institute of Pain Tampa, FL, USA Albert L. Ray, M.D. Medical Director The LITE Center South Miami, FL, USA Clinical Associate Professor University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami, FL, USA

ISBN 978-1-4614-1559-6 ISBN 978-1-4614-1560-2 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-1560-2 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London

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Library of Congress Control Number: 2012954791 © American Academy of Pain Medicine 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant