Phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging to assess renal perfusion: a systematic review and statement paper
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REVIEW
Phase‑contrast magnetic resonance imaging to assess renal perfusion: a systematic review and statement paper Giulia Villa1 · Steffen Ringgaard2 · Ingo Hermann3 · Rebecca Noble4 · Paolo Brambilla5 · Dinah S. Khatir6 · Frank G. Zöllner3 · Susan T. Francis7 · Nicholas M. Selby4 · Andrea Remuzzi1,8 · Anna Caroli1 Received: 16 May 2019 / Revised: 9 July 2019 / Accepted: 1 August 2019 © European Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine and Biology (ESMRMB) 2019
Abstract Objective Phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI) is a non-invasive method used to compute blood flow velocity and volume. This systematic review aims to discuss the current status of renal PC-MRI and provide practical recommendations which could inform future clinical studies and its adoption in clinical practice. Methodology A comprehensive search of all the PC-MRI studies in human healthy subjects or patients related to the kidneys was performed. Results A total of 39 studies were included in which PC-MRI was used to measure renal blood flow (RBF) alongside other derivative hemodynamic parameters. PC-MRI generally showed good correlation with gold standard methods of RBF measurement, both in vitro and in vivo, and good reproducibility. Despite PC-MRI not being routinely used in clinical practice, there are several clinical studies showing its potential to support diagnosis and monitoring of renal diseases, in particular renovascular disease, chronic kidney disease and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Discussion Renal PC-MRI shows promise as a non-invasive technique to reliably measure RBF, both in healthy volunteers and in patients with renal disease. Future multicentric studies are needed to provide definitive normative ranges and to demonstrate the clinical potential of PC-MRI, likely as part of a multi-parametric renal MRI protocol. Keywords Phase-contrast MRI · Renal disease · Renal blood flow · Biomarker
Introduction The assessment of renal blood flow (RBF) is particularly important for the diagnosis and monitoring of renal diseases, including chronic and acute kidney diseases, renovascular Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10334-019-00772-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Anna Caroli [email protected] 1
disease, and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), because changes in RBF are prominent at the earliest stages of disease. Different techniques have been used to determine RBF in patients with renal disease; however, these techniques may be unacceptably invasive or unable to accurately measure RBF [1]. Color Doppler ultrasonography is easily accessible, but is user dependent, and it can be technically challenging to make accurate flow measurements in 5
Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
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