Phase-Field Modeling of Microstructure Evolution in the Presence of Bubble During Solidification
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Phase-Field Modeling of Microstructure Evolution in the Presence of Bubble During Solidification ANG ZHANG, JINGLIAN DU, XIAOPENG ZHANG, ZHIPENG GUO, QIGUI WANG, and SHOUMEI XIONG Simulation of the solid–liquid–gas interaction during solidification is challenging due to the presence of complex phase interfaces, bubble deformation, and high liquid/gas density ratio. In this work, a hybrid phase-field lattice-Boltzmann (PFLB) approach, together with a parallel and adaptive-mesh-refinement (Para-AMR) algorithm, is developed to model interactions between the gas bubble and solid growth front during solidification. The solid growth and bubble evolution are solved by the phase-field method. Both melt flow and bubble movement are determined by a kinetic-based lattice-Boltzmann model. Bubble dynamics during alloy solidification is modeled and compared with experiments, and a good agreement is achieved for various solid/liquid interfaces including planar, cellular, and dendritic interfaces. Results show that the effect of the bubble on solid array is dependent on the solid/liquid interface morphology, bubble size, and relative position between the bubble center and dendritic tip. Two interaction mechanisms, including engulfment and entrapment, are compared, and the difference is caused mainly by the redistribution of solute. The interaction mechanism between the rising multibubbles with large deformation and the dendritic array is also discussed. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-019-05593-3 The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International 2020
I.
INTRODUCTION
AS one of the major defects, the gas bubble is highly detrimental to properties of materials. When the gas bubble cannot escape in a timely way from the melt during solidification, it becomes gas porosity. The presence of the gas porosity impairs surface quality and causes the initiation of cracking, which reduces the fatigue life of materials.[1] Understanding bubble evolution during solidification can help in obtaining the desired microstructure and, hence, high-quality castings.
ANG ZHANG, JINGLIAN DU, and ZHIPENG GUO are with the School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. Contact e-mail: zhipeng_guo@ mail.tsinghua.edu.cn XIAOPENG ZHANG is with the Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Jiangyou 621908, China. QIGUI WANG is with the Materials Technology, GM Global Product Group, Pontiac, MI 48340-2920. SHOUMEI XIONG is with the School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University and also with the Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. Contact e-mail: [email protected] Manuscript submitted August 13, 2019.
METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A
To understand the underlying physics and minimize the bubble defect, large amounts of research work have been done including in-situ observation,[2–4] X-ray tomography,[5–7] and mathematical modeling of gas porosity.[8–10] However, most of
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