Phenology: An Integrative Environmental Science
Phenology is the study of plant and animal life cycle events, which are triggered by environmental changes, especially temperature. Wide ranges of phenomena are included, from first openings of leaf and flower buds, to insect hatchings and return of birds
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Tasks for vegetation science 39 SERIES EDITORS A. Kratochwil, University of Osnabrück, Germany H. Lieth, University of Osnabrück, Germany
The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume.
PHENOLOGY: An Integrative Environmental Science
Edited by
MARK D. SCHWARTZ Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin – Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, U.S.A.
KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS DORDRECHT / BOSTON / LONDON
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 1-4020-1580-1
Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Sold and distributed in North, Central and South America by Kluwer Academic Publishers, 101 Philip Drive, Norwell, MA 02061, U.S.A. In all other countries, sold and distributed by Kluwer Academic Publishers, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved © 2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed in the Netherlands
Dedication
This book is dedicated to my parents, Marjorie H. and the late Donald J. Schwartz, who nurtured my early interest in science
v
Contents
Dedication
v
Contributing Authors
xi
Preface
xvii
Color Plates
xxi xxvii
Foreword Part 1: INTRODUCTION
1
1.1 Introduction MARK D. SCHWARTZ
3
Part 2: PHENOLOGICAL DATA, NETWORKS, AND RESEARCH
9
2.1 East Asia XIAOQIU CHEN
11
2.2 Australia MARIE R. KEATLEY AND TIM D. FLETCHER
27
vii
viii 2.3 Europe ANNETTE MENZEL
45
2.4 North America MARK D. SCHWARTZ AND ELISABETH G. BEAUBIEN
57
2.5 South America L. PATRÍCIA C. MORELLATO
75
2.6 The Global Phenological Monitoring Concept 93 EKKO BRUNS, FRANK-M. CHMIELEWSKI, AND ARNOLD J. H. VANVLIET 2.7 Toward a Multifunctional European Phenology Network ARNOLD J. H. VANVLIET AND RUDOLF S. DEGROOT
105
Part 3: PHENOLOGY OF SELECTED BIOCLIMATIC ZONES
119
3.1 Tropical Dry Climates 121 ARTURO SANCHEZ-AZOFEIFA, MARGARET E. KALACSKA, MAURICIO QUESADA, KATHRYN E. STONER, JORGE A. LOBO, AND PABLO ARROYO-MORA 3.2 Mediterranean Climates 139 DONATELLA SPANO, RICHARD L. SNYDER, AND CARLA CESARACCIO 3.3 Grasslands of the North American Great Plains GEOFFREY M. HENEBRY
157
3.4 High Latitude Climates FRANS E. WIELGOLASKI AND DAVID W. INOUYE
175
3.5 High Altitude Climates DAVID W. INOUYE AND FRANS E. WIELGOLASKI
195
Part 4: PHENOLOGICAL MODELS AND TECHNIQUES
215
4.1 Plant Development Models ISABELLE CHUINE, KOEN KRAMER, AND HEIKKI HÄNNINEN
217
ix 4.2 Animal Life Cycle Models JACQUES RÉGNIÈRE AND JESSE A. LOGAN
237
4.3 Phenological Variation of Forest Trees 255 ROBERT BRÜGGER, MATTHIAS DOBBERTIN, AND NORBERT KRÄUCHI 4.4 Phenologi
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