Philosophy and Theory of Artificial Intelligence
Can we make machines that think and act like humans or other natural intelligent agents? The answer to this question depends on how we see ourselves and how we see the machines in question. Classical AI and cognitive science had claimed that cognition is
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Abstract. “Yes, but you will never get a machine to do X” This is a commonsensical objection to AI in which X refers to the main problems of AI such as pattern recognition, creativity, free will, autonomy, systematicity, understanding, learning etc. The frame problem is at the intersection of all these problems. In AI, the realization of X depends on the solution of the frame problem. The frame problem has three aspects namely, metaphysical, logical, and epistemological. Three aspects of the frame problem consider the issue from a designer point of view. The frame problem is not the problem of a machine intelligence designer but the problem of the machine intelligence. We propose three steps in order to build an autonomous approach to the frame problem. These steps are (1) the agentification of the frame problem, (2) a control system approach, and (3) a trans-logical model peculiar to AI. Each step towards building an autonomous approach to the frame problem depends on each other.
1 Introduction In artificial intelligence (Hereafter, AI), it is difficult to situate environmental data in an appropriate informational context. In order to construct machine intelligence, a strategy of reasoning should be developed for adapting data and actions to a new situation. That is to say that if we want to attribute an agentive character to machine intelligence, we have to solve the frame problem. The frame problem is the most essential issue that an AI researcher must face. The possibility of solving the frame problem means the possibility of constructing machine intelligence in an agentive sense. The frame problem is a litmus test for the evaluation of theories in AI. In other words, the frame problem is the major criterion for understanding whether a theory in AI is proper or not. In several of his writings, Dreyfus Aziz F. Zambak Department of Philosophy Yeditepe University, Istanbul e-mail: [email protected] V.C. Müller (Ed.): Philosophy and Theory of Artificial Intelligence, SAPERE 5, pp. 307–319. springerlink.com © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
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considered the frame problem as a major challenge to AI. According to Dreyfus and Dreyfus (1988: 105), computers, designed in terms of the classical AI theory, do not have the skills to comprehend what has changed and what remains the same because computers are the operators of isolated and pre-ordained data-processing. The frame problem shows the necessity of having an agentive approach to thought, cognition, and reasoning. It implies the necessity for an efficient informational system that provides machine intelligence with accessible and available data for use in the world.
2 Three Aspects of the Frame Problem What is the frame problem? Simply stated, the frame problem is about how to construct a formal system (e.g., machine intelligence) that deals within complex and changing conditions. The main issue behind the frame problem is to find a proper way to state the relationship between a set of rules and actions. It is not possible to find
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