Photobiomodulation therapy as a high potential treatment modality for COVID-19
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Photobiomodulation therapy as a high potential treatment modality for COVID-19 Sepideh Soheilifar 1
&
Homa Fathi 2
&
Navid Naghdi 3
Received: 5 August 2020 / Accepted: 17 November 2020 # Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract COVID-19 is now a worldwide concern, causing an unprecedented pandemic. The infected cases show different symptoms based on the severity of the disease. In asymptomatic and non-severe symptomatic cases, the host immune system can successfully eliminate the virus and its effects. In severe cases, however, immune system impairment causes cytokine release syndrome which eventually leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). In recent years, photobiomodulation (PBM) has shown promising results in reducing acute pulmonary inflammation. Considering the high potential impact of PBM on immune responses, we hypothesized that using PBM could be an effective treatment modality for ARDS management in COVID-19 patients. Keywords Coronavirus . Low-level light therapy . Respiratory distress syndrome, adult . Inflammation . COVID-19 . Photobiomodulation
Background In the final days of 2019, China reported the emergence of an unknown pathogen causing pneumonia-like symptoms in the infected cases in Wuhan, Hubei. On January 7, 2020, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention detected the origin as a novel virus from the Coronaviridae family. World Health Organization (WHO) soon confirmed that human to human transmission of the virus has led to a worldwide “pandemic” [1]. The virus was named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Coronaviridae is a large family of enveloped, positivesense, single-stranded RNA virus [2]. Based on the genome structure and phylogenetic relationships, this family is further categorized into four groups; Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus, and Deltacoronavirus. Alpha and Betacoronaviruses are specific to mammals and * Navid Naghdi [email protected] 1
Orthodontics Department, Dental Implant Research Center, Dental faculty, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
2
Dentistry Faculty, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
3
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Dental Implant Research Center, Dental Faculty, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh street, Hamadan 654178-38741, Iran
cause respiratory diseases in humans, namely Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERSCoV). Delta and Gammacoronaviruses cause infection in both mammals and birds [3]. Genetic analysis revealed that SARSCoV-2 is most probably in the Betacoronavirus category [4]. The infected cases show different symptoms based on the severity of the disease. In asymptomatic and non-severe symptomatic cases, the host immune system can successfully eliminate the virus and its effects. In severe cases, however, immune system impairment causes cytokine re
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