Photogrammetric Sensors
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Cross References Photogrammetric Methods Visualizing Constraint Data
Recommended Reading 1. Maune, D. (ed.): Digital Elevation Model Technologies and Applications: The DEM Users Manual, 2nd edn. American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda (2006) 2. Miller, S.: Photogrammetric Products. In: McGlone, J.C. (ed.) Manual of Photogrammetry, 5th edn. American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda (2004) 3. Mikhail, E.M., Bethel, J., McGlone, J.C.: Introduction to Modern Photogrammetry, John Wiley and Sons, New York (2001) 4. Wolf, P.R., Dewitt, B.A.: Elements of Photogrammetry with Applications in GIS, McGraw-Hill, New York (2000)
Photogrammetric Sensors M ICHAEL C RAMER Institute for Photogrammetry (ifp), Stuttgart University, Stuttgart, Germany Synonyms Photogrammetric images; Photogrammetric cameras; Aerial imagery; Image acquisition; Air borne sensors; Remote sensing Definition Images are the main data source of photogrammetric data processing. Hence the sensors used for data acquisition are an elementary part of the photogrammetric processing chain. In general, images are taken by satellite, airborne, or terrestrial sensors for photogrammetric applications such as object and terrain modeling and acquisition of topographic data. This entry summarizes the state-of-theart and focuses on the strong trend towards digital image recording. Historical Background The idea of using photographs for the reconstruction of the imaged objects was born almost at the same time as the invention of photography. Starting in the mid of the 19th century object coordinates were estimated from two dimensional images based on the fundamental equations of image geometry. The term “photogrammetry” appeared for the first time in 1867 [1]. In the beginning photogrammetric reconstructions were limited to terrestrial applications, although first experiments to obtain imagery from the air were already performed with balloons or kites long before 1900. The success of those attempts has been limited due
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to the restricted maneuverability of the camera carrier. The situation rapidly changed with the advent of airships and airplanes. Since then photogrammetry using aerial photography has been established as the preferred method for the mapping of large areas. Pushed by the growing need for airborne images the technical design of the cameras was continuously refined. The first prototype of an aerial camera for serial photography was already presented in 1915 [2]. Further on, the quality of camera lenses and the image format was continuously increased to obtain larger terrain coverage per image. The cameras were initially used hand-held, which was less optimal for the layout of the image block formed from several overlapping images. Thus, later airborne sensors were fixed to aircrafts with special camera holes in their body to realize a vertical viewing direction. High performance and geometrical stable roll film material substituted glass plates. Refined and efficient techniques for image data recording
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