Photovoltaic Review of all Generations: Environmental Impact and Its Market Potential
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Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials https://doi.org/10.1007/s42341-020-00217-9
REVIEW PAPER
Photovoltaic Review of all Generations: Environmental Impact and Its Market Potential Rashmi Chawla1 · Poonam Singhal2 · Amit Kumar Garg2 Received: 17 April 2020 / Revised: 4 June 2020 / Accepted: 27 June 2020 © The Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers 2020
Abstract With the technology and innovation rising at its peak, the demand for energy has increased exponentially. To cater this, researchers are persistently exploring ways to fulfil this deficit between demand and supply. One of the feasible solutions is the use of energy from renewable resources such as Solar Energy due to its abundance availability and easy accessibility. Seeing it’s trans formative potential to address growing concerns about environment, pollution and sustainable energy integration, there is an intemperate research going on in developing highly efficient Photovoltaic Cells (PVC). The PVC’s are effectuated to convert solar energy from the sunlight directly to electrical energy. Furthermore, the PVC has gone through various generations with the aim to optimise its cost/watt of delivered solar electricity and efficiency of solar cell. This paper is an effort to compare all the generations which PVC has undergone and the recent advancements in this area. The results of this research study will be fruitful for researchers working in this direction. Keywords AM 1.5G · Fill factor · Photovoltaic technologies · Solar energy · Solar cell
1 Introduction A sharp distinct increase in consumption of energy is seen in recent past. It is estimated that by the year 2030, the world consumption will grow up by 50% [1]. This increase in high demand of energy has forced the researchers to search new ways to match the growing demand for energy. Currently these requirements are filled using two ways: Renewable and Non Renewable Energy Resources (as shown in Fig. 1a). Although being affordable the latter cannot be replenished at sufficient rate and concern over sustainability of these resources has arisen while the former can be used repeatedly since it is replaced naturally. The non-renewable resources face the following disadvantages when compared to renewable resources. • Revitalization: The non-renewable resources will soon
extinct as they are depleted at a very high pace.
* Rashmi Chawla [email protected] 1
Department of Electronics Engineering, J.C. Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA, Faridabad, India
Department of Electronics Engineering, Deenbandhu University of Science and Technology, Murthal, India
2
• Environmental Hazard: The mining of non-renewable
energy a big damage to the environment.
The burning of fossil fuels results in production of toxic gases like sulphur dioxide and greenhouse gases which result in acid rain and global warming. As these non-renewable resources are not sustainable in use (formation takes billions of years) and are being depleted at a high rate [1, 2];
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