Phylogenetic relationships between different raccoon dog ( Nyctereutes procyonoides ) populations based on four nuclear
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Genes & Genomics https://doi.org/10.1007/s13258-020-00972-2
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Phylogenetic relationships between different raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) populations based on four nuclear and Y genes YoonJee Hong1,2 · Hang Lee1 · Kyung Seok Kim3 · Mi‑Sook Min1 Received: 24 March 2020 / Accepted: 14 July 2020 © The Genetics Society of Korea 2020
Abstract Background The raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides), endemic to East Asia, is classified as six subspecies according to their geographical distribution including a population introduced to Europe. Studies on phylogenetic relationship or population genetics in both native and introduced areas have been carried out recently. Lately, opinions that Japanese raccoon dogs should be classified as a different species were asserted based on several studies using karyotypes, morphometric characters, mtDNA, and microsatellites analysis. However, no data pertaining to the nuclear DNA (nDNA) or Y chromosome are available. Objective To estimate the relationship among the species using different genes is necessary in understanding of the history of this species. Method Therefore, we investigated nDNA and Y chromosomes in our study to define relationships: (1) between continental raccoon dog populations, (2) between original and introduced groups, and (3) between continental and Japanese groups. Results The analysis of four nuclear (CHRNA1, VTN, TRSP, WT1) and ZFY genes indicated that there had been no genetic differentiation among the continental populations. However, significant differences were observed between continental and Japanese raccoon dogs in VTN and ZFY genes implying genetic differentiation has been going between them. Conclusion To better understand the phylogenetic relationship among raccoon dog populations, further study will be necessary. Keywords Raccoon dog · Molecular phylogeny · Nuclear DNA · Y chromosome · Evolutionary history
Introduction
Mi-Sook Min and Kyung Seok Kim contributed equally. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s13258-020-00972-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
The raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) is classified into six subspecies according to their geographical distribution and morphology: N. p. ussuriensis, N. p. koreensis, N. p. procyonoides, N. p. oretes, N. p. viverrinus, and N. p. albus (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott 1966) (Fig. 1). Raccoon dogs, which are endemic to East Asia, were introduced into
* Mi‑Sook Min [email protected] YoonJee Hong [email protected] Kyung Seok Kim [email protected] 1
Conservation Genome Resource Bank for Korean Wildlife (CGRB), Research Institute for Veterinary Science
and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea 2
Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
3
Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Iowa State University, Ames,
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