Phylogeography of einkorn landraces in the Mediterranean basin and Central Europe: population structure and cultivation
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Phylogeography of einkorn landraces in the Mediterranean basin and Central Europe: population structure and cultivation history Hugo R. Oliveira & Huw Jones & Fiona Leigh & Diane L. Lister & Martin K. Jones & Leonor Peña-Chocarro
Received: 15 April 2011 / Accepted: 5 August 2011 / Published online: 17 August 2011 # Springer-Verlag 2011
Abstract Einkorn (Triticum monococcum L.) was one of the first cereals to be domesticated in the Old World ca. 10,000 years ago and to spread towards Europe and North Africa. Its cultivation declined before the Iron Age and it remains today only as a relic crop in remote areas. To investigate if the geographic distribution of genetic diversity in modern einkorn landrace accessions could be informative about the movement of this crop during prehistory, we genotyped 50 accessions of einkorn from Europe, North Africa and the Near East. Using nuclear and chloroplast microsatellites and clustering methods, we detected two main gene pools in einkorn. The distribution
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12520-011-0076-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. H. R. Oliveira (*) : D. L. Lister McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3ER, UK e-mail: [email protected] H. Jones : F. Leigh NIAB, Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0LE, UK M. K. Jones Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DZ, UK L. Peña-Chocarro G.I. Arqueobiología, Centro de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales (CSIC), Albasanz 26-28, 28037 Madrid, Spain
of these lineages revealed differences between accessions from Morocco and the Iberian Peninsula from the rest of Europe and the Near East and suggests different regional dynamics in the spread of this crop. Keywords Einkorn . Phylogeography . Microsatellites . Mediterranean . Agricultural history
Introduction Einkorn (Triticum monococcum L.), a diploid hulled wheat taking its name from the fact it produces only one grain per spikelet, was probably one of the first cereal plants to be domesticated (Salamini et al. 2002). It is low yielding compared to other wheat types, but can survive on poor soils where other wheat species would not thrive. It was domesticated from wild einkorn, Triticum boeoticum Boiss. (also known as T. monococcum subsp. aegilopoides Van Slageren). Wild einkorn grows in the central and eastern parts of the Fertile Crescent and also colonises secondary habitats near cultivated fields, with feral forms occurring in the Balkans (Salamini et al. 2002). Both wild and domesticated einkorns possess the diploid AmAm genome. This genome differs slightly from the diploid A genome present in cultivated tetraploid and hexaploid wheats (e.g. Triticum turgidum and Triticum aestivum), which inherited their diploid A genome (AuAu type) from the wild wheat progenitor Triticum urartu (Bai et al. 2004). A high level of similarity exists between the chromosomes in the Au and Am genomes, su
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