Physical Fitness and Psychological Hardiness as Predictors of Parasympathetic Control in Response to Stress: a Norwegian
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Physical Fitness and Psychological Hardiness as Predictors of Parasympathetic Control in Response to Stress: a Norwegian Police Simulator Training Study Asle M. Sandvik 1,2 & Espen Gjevestad 1,3 & Einar Aabrekk 1 & Peter Øhman 1 & Per-Ludvik Kjendlie 1,4 & Sigurd William Hystad 5 & Paul T. Bartone 6 & Anita L. Hansen 2,7 & Bjørn Helge Johnsen 5,8
# Society for Police and Criminal Psychology 2019
Abstract The individual biopsychological response to a specific stressor is the result of a complex interplay between many different factors including physiology, behavior, and personality. The goal of the present study was to explore the potential link between physical fitness, hardiness (Kobasa 1979), and the individual autonomic stress arousal experienced during a stressful police training situation (active shooter). Eighty-four police students participated in the study and were randomly assigned to either a highstress or a low-stress testing condition. Hardiness was measured with the Dispositional Resilience Scale (Hystad et al. 2010). Physical fitness was assessed with V˙ O2max . Parasympathetic control was measured using heart rate variability (HRV), i.e., the root mean square successive difference (RMSSD). Regression analysis showed that psychological hardiness had a negative main effect on change in parasympathetic activity from baseline to the testing phase (B = − 1.43, t = − 2.81, p = 0.007). Larger withdrawal of parasympathetic activation for high-hardy individuals in this phase of the study can be interpreted as an adaptive adjustment to the task set in front of them. A second regression analysis showed that both psychological hardiness (B = − 1.47, t = 3.68, p < 0.001) and physical fitness (B = 0.89, t = 2.85, p = 0.006) had significant main effects on change of parasympathetic activity entering the recovery phase of the study. Both regression coefficients were positive, with higher scores on hardiness and physical fitness predicting greater parasympathetic activation at stress offset. Overall, the results suggest that psychological hardiness and physical fitness may be important factors in how operational stress affects the individual in a police setting. Those high in hardiness and good physical form seem to be better able to recuperate and reset after a stressful incident, something that can be vital in an operational context. These results will be discussed in relation to the existing literature in the field. Keywords Stress . Hardiness . Physical fitness . Police . Parasympathetic control * Asle M. Sandvik [email protected]
Introduction 1
The Norwegian Police University College, Stavern, Norway
2
Centre for Research and Education in Forensic Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
3
Clinic Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Stavern, Norway
4
Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
5
Faculty of Psychology, Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
6
Institute for National Strat
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