Physically-Based Particle Size Distribution Models of Urban Water Particulate Matter
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Physically-Based Particle Size Distribution Models of Urban Water Particulate Matter Yue Liu & John J. Sansalone
Received: 4 March 2020 / Accepted: 4 November 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract A particle size distribution (PSD) of particulate matter (PM) is a primary metric to examine PM transport and fate, as well as PM-bound chemicals and pathogens in urban waters. To facilitate physical interpretation and data sharing, a series of concise analytical models are examined to reproduce unit operation (UO) influent and effluent PSD data and indices. The models are a (1) single-parameter exponential and twoparameter (2) gamma, (3) lognormal, and (4) RosinRammler distributions. Two-parameter models provide physical interpretations for the central tendency of PM diameters, and shape as an index of PSD heterodispersivity. Goodness-of-fit is used to test models and PSDs. For influent data from two disparate areas, a paved source area and a larger watershed delivering unique PSDs, lognormal and gamma models provide consistent representation of influent and effluent complexity. In these areas, contrasting UOs (a clarification basin and a volumetric filter), subject to type I settling, scour, and filter PM elution, are differentiated based on flow, surface area, volume, and residence time. Surface overflow rate (SOR) as a common heuristic design tool for only type I settling is used to further test PSD models by simulating effluent PSDs for a scaled basin design. Y. Liu : J. J. Sansalone (*) Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure & Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA e-mail: [email protected]
Y. Liu e-mail: [email protected]
Lognormal and gamma models of SOR-generated effluent PSDs were not statistically different. In conclusion, two-parameter PSD models have physical interpretations and lower errors compared to an exponential model. Gamma and lognormal distributions are physicallybased models that reproduce actual complex influent or effluent or through SOR as a tool for PSD transformation. Results indicate that PSD models and parameters can be applied to evaluate behavior of common UOs. Keywords Stormwater . Runoff . Particle size . Surface overflow rate . Unit operation . Urban drainage
1 Introduction Rainfall-runoff at the urban interface mobilizes and transports significant loads of particulate matter (PM) (NRC 2008; US EPA 2016). PM is also a high surface area substrate. Previous research has shown that chemicals and pathogens partition to and from PM surfaces during the mobilization and transport of PM in urban systems (Sansalone and Cristina 2004; Zhang and Sansalone 2014). While urban interface imperviousness and alterations to rainfall-runoff relationships have been known for decades, there is more recent recognition that PM, chemical and pathogenic loads are coupled with hydrologic transport (Janke et al. 2017; Wijesiri et al. 2018; Zhao et al. 2018). As a major constituent of rainfall-runoff, PM has been a focus for control strategies such as unit operations
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