Physics of Lakes Volume 1: Foundation of the Mathematical and Physic

This first volume in the treatise on the Physics of Lakes deals with the formulation of the mathematical and physical background. A large number of lakes on Earth are described, presenting their morphology as well as the causes of their response to the dr

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Board of Editors Aeolean Transport, Sediment Transport, Granular Flow Prof. Hans Herrmann Institut für Baustoffe Departement Bau, Umwelt und Geomatik HIF E 12/ETH Hönggerberg 8093 Zürich, Switzerland [email protected]

Avalanches, Landslides, Debris Flows, Pyroclastic Flows, Volcanology Prof E. Bruce Pitman Department of Mathematics University of Buffalo Buffalo, N. Y. 14260, USA [email protected]

Hydrological Sciences Prof. Vijay P. Singh Water Resources Program Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, LA 70803-6405, USA

Nonlinear Geophysics Prof. Efim Pelinovsky Institute of Applied Physics 46 Uljanov Street 603950 Nizhni Novgorod, Russia [email protected]

Planetology, Outer Space Mechanics Prof Heikki Salo Division of Astronomy Department of Physical Sciences University of Oulu 90570 Oulu, Finnland

Glaciology, Ice Sheet and Ice Shelf Dynamics, Planetary Ices Prof. Dr. Ralf Greve Institute of Low Temperature Science Hokkaido University Kita-19, Nishi-8, Kita-ku Sapporo 060-0819, Japan [email protected] http://wwwice.lowtem.hokudai.ac.jp/∼greve/

Kolumban Hutter · Yongqi Wang · Irina P. Chubarenko

Physics of Lakes Volume 1: Foundation of the Mathematical and Physical Background

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Prof. Dr. Kolumban Hutter ETH Zürich c/o Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau Hydrologie und Glaziologie Gloriastr. 37/39 8092 Zürich ETH-Zentrum Switzerland [email protected]

PD. Dr. Yongqi Wang Chair of Fluid Dynamics Department of Mechanical Engineering Darmstadt University of Technology Petersenstr. 30 64287 Darmstadt Germany [email protected]

Dr. Irina P. Chubarenko Russian Academy of Sciences P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology prospect Mira 1 236000 Kaliningrad Russia [email protected]

ISSN 1866-8348 e-ISSN 1866-8356 ISBN 978-3-642-15177-4 e-ISBN 978-3-642-15178-1 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-15178-1 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2010936078 c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011  This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: deblik, Berlin Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

This book series on Physics of Lakes is dedicated in memor