Pictures and their Use in Communication A Philosophical Essay
Ours is the age of the picture. Pictures abound in our newspapers and magazines, in storybooks and on the glossy pages of instruction manuals. We find them on billboards and postage stamps, on the television screen and in the cinema. And in all of these c
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PICTURES AND THEIR USE IN COMMUNICATION A Philosophical Essay
by
DAVID NOVITZ
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MAR TINUS NIJHOFF / THE HAGUE / 1977
In Memory of Daantjie Oosthuizen
© 1977 by MarlillllS Nijhal/'
The Haglle, NetherfOllds_ All righls resened, inel/lding the right 10 trallslate or 10 reprod/lce this book or parts thereof ill allY form_ ISBN-13 : 97K-90-247-1942 -6 1)01 IOt007/97K-94 -010- 1063-4
c-ISHN-IJ: 97K-94-0tO- l063-4
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
List oj illustrations
vii
Acknowledgements
ix
Introduction
xi Part One
PICTURES AND DEPICTING CHAPTER I
PICTURING l. Pictures and denotation 2. The use of pictures 3. Telling what a picture is of 4. Conclusion
3 3 5 10
18
CHAPTER II
DEPICTING AND THE CONVENTIONAL IMAGE l. Leonardo and the practice of depicting 2. Towards conventionalism 3. Coordination problems 4. The problem of picturehood 5. Conventions and resemblance 6. An objection to conventionalism 7. Conclusion
21 21 26 28 30 32 39 43
CHAPTER III
CONVENTIONS AND THE GROWTH OF PICTORIAL STYLE l. Two kinds of pictorial convention 2. The Gombrich problem 3. The individuation of pictorial styles 4. Pictorial progress 5. Pictorial revolutions 6. Conclusion
45 45 50 54 57 60 63
Part Two PICTORIAL REPRESENTATION CHAPTER IV
PICTORIAL ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS 1. The picture / use distinction
67 67
CONTENTS
VI
2. 3. 4. 5.
IlIocutionary acts Pictorial iIlocutions Explaining oneself Conclusion
71
75 80 84
CHAPTER V
PICTORIAL PROPOSITIONS 1. Indication and attribution 2. Can pictures express propositions? 3. Pictorial propositions - An objection 4. Pictorial propositions - Some qualifications 5. Conclusion
86 87 90 96 98 106
CHAPTER VI
THE PICTORIAL POINT OF VIEW 1. Pictures in nature - Schemata and beliefs 2. Noticing a rhinoceros 3. Perceptual revolutions 4. Visual 'Metaphor' 5. Representation and arousal 6. Pictures and expression 7. Conclusion
108 112 119 123 126 136 139 149
CHAPTER VII CONCLUSION
151
Bibliography
155
Name index
158
Subject index
160
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure 1
Birds
34
Figure 2
Schematic Drawings i) De Wit: Putti. From Frederik de Wit, Lumen picturae et delineationes (Amsterdam, c.1660). Victoria and Albert Museum. ii) Van de Passe: Putti. From Crispyn van de Passe, Lumen Picturae (Amsterdam, 1643). Victoria and Albert Museum. iii) Fialetti: Eyes 1608. From Odoardo Fialetti, II vero Modo ed ordine per dissegnar tutti Ie parti et membre del corpo humano (Venice, 1608). Photograph by courtesy Phaidon Press. iv) Schon: Heads. From Erhart Schon, Underweysung der Proportion (Nuremburg, 1538). Photograph by courtesy Phaidon Press. v) Vogtherr, Feet. From Heinrich Vogtherr, Ein fremds und wunderbarliches Kunstbuchlin (Strassburg, 1538). Photograph by courtesy Phaidon Press.
Figure 3
13th Century Illustrated Manuscript. Photograph by courtesy Phaidon Press.
100
Figure 4
Locusts. From the Department of Prints and Drawings of the Zentralbibliothek, ZUrich.
115
Figure 5
Nonsense Figure. From F.e. Bartlett, Remembering, Cambridge University Press, 1932. Repr
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