Piezo- and Magnetoelectric Polymers as Biomaterials for Novel Tissue Engineering Strategies
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MRS Advances © 2018 Materials Research Society DOI: 10.1557/adv.2018.223
Piezo- and Magnetoelectric Polymers as Biomaterials for Novel Tissue Engineering Strategies C. Ribeiroa,b, D.M. Correiac,d, S. Ribeiroa,e, M. M. Fernandesa,b and S. Lanceros-Mendezd,f* a
Centro de Física, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-058 Braga, Portugal CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal c Department of chemistry and CQ-VR, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal d BCMaterials, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Bizkaia, 48160 Derio, Spain e Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal f IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain b
corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are increasingly taking advantage of active materials, allowing to provide specific clues to the cells. In particular, the use of electroactive polymers that deliver an electrical signal to the cells upon mechanical solicitation, open new scientific and technological opportunities, as they in fact mimic signals and effects that occur in living tissues, allowing the development of suitable microenvironments for tissue regeneration. Thus, a novel overall strategy for bone and muscle tissue engineering was developed based on the fact that these cells type are subjected to mechano-electrical stimuli in their in vivo microenvironment and that piezo- and magnetoelectric polymers, used as scaffolds, are suitable for delivering those cues. The processing and functional characterizations of piezoelectric and magnetoelectric polymers based on poly(vinylindene fluoride) and poly-L-lactic acid in a variety of shapes, from microspheres to electrospun mats and three dimensional scaffolds, are shown as well as their performance in the development of novel bone and muscle tissue engineering.
INTRODUCTION Piezoelectric polymers have already shown strong potential for novel tissue engineering (TE) strategies, once they can account for the existence of piezoelectricity within some specific tissues, indicating their requirement also during tissue regeneration [1]. Further, they can modulate the electrical signals existing during tissue development and function. Still, in some cases, the patient is immobilized, and as a result the natural mechanical stimulus does not occur [2]. Such limitation points to the
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development of new materials able to remotely mechanical and/or electrically stimulate tissues from outside of the human body and/or during in vitro cell culture to explore specific differentiation paths. Magnetoelectric (ME) composite materials provide such an innov
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