Pitfalls and Limitations in Microplastic Analyses
The rising plastic production in the last 70 years led to an increase in plastic waste in the environment. Intensive research activities about macroplastics and microplastics (MPs) started some years ago. Different sampling strategies, sample preparations
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Contents 1 Introduction 2 Sampling 2.1 Spatial and Temporal Variations in the Environment 2.2 Sampling Devices in Different Environmental Compartments 2.3 Summary 3 Overview and Comparison of Sample Preparation Techniques 3.1 Complexity of Matrices 3.2 Size Fractionation 3.3 Density Separation 3.4 Alternative MP Extraction Approaches 3.5 Sample Purification 3.6 Summary 4 Loss of Analyte and Contamination 4.1 Sample Loss Due to Adhesion and Static Forces 4.2 Blanks 4.3 Mitigation Strategies Against Contamination 5 Analytics 5.1 Visual Identification 5.2 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy 5.3 Raman Spectroscopy 5.4 Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (Pyr-GC-MS) 5.5 Thermal Extraction and Desorption-Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (TED-GC-MS)
F. Stock (*), C. Scherer, N. Brennholt, and G. Reifferscheid Department of Biochemistry, Ecotoxicology, German Federal Institute of Hydrology, Koblenz, Germany e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] V. K. B. Narayana, M. G. J. Löder, and C. Laforsch Department of Animal Ecology, University Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Friederike Stock, Georg Reifferscheid, Nicole Brennholt, and Evgeniia Kostianaia (eds.), Plastics in the Aquatic Environment - Part I: Current Status and Challenges, Hdb Env Chem, DOI 10.1007/698_2020_654, © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
F. Stock et al. 5.6
Scanning Electron Microscopy Coupled with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) 5.7 Quantitative Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H-qNMR) 6 Conclusion References
Abstract The rising plastic production in the last 70 years led to an increase in plastic waste in the environment. Intensive research activities about macroplastics and microplastics (MPs) started some years ago. Different sampling strategies, sample preparations and analysis methods have been described in the literature for different environmental compartments and biota. Until the present, many papers have been published about the quality and quantity of MPs in different matrices. Pitfalls and limitations in MP analyses are often missing or not discussed. Therefore, this chapter summarizes the present methods for sampling, sample preparation and analysis, discusses the related limitations and outlines the complexity regarding MP loss or contamination during sampling and laboratory work. Keywords Airborne contamination, Analytics, Environmental compartment, Spatial and temporal variation, Sample preparation
1 Introduction Our modern daily life would not be possible without plastics – a relatively young group of materials that accompanies mankind since the second part of the twentieth century. Meanwhile, global plastic production rises almost exponentially and reached approximately 360 million tons in 2018 [1]. Associated with this is an increased loss of plastic into environmental compartments. The first description of plastic particles in
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