Plant Polyphenols: Potential Antidotes for Lead Exposure
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Plant Polyphenols: Potential Antidotes for Lead Exposure Ying Li 1 & Hao Lv 1 & Chenyu Xue 1 & Na Dong 1
&
Chongpeng Bi 1 & Anshan Shan 1
Received: 14 September 2020 / Accepted: 15 November 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Lead is one of the most common heavy metal elements and has high biological toxicity. Long-term lead exposure will induce the contamination of animal feed, water, and food, which can cause chronic lead poisoning including nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and reproductive toxicity in humans and animals. In the past few decades, lead has caused widespread concern because of its significant threat to health. A large number of in vitro and animal experiments have shown that oxidative stress plays a key role in lead toxicity, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway can also be induced by lead toxicity. Therefore, plant polyphenols have attracted attention, with their advantages of being natural antioxidants and having low toxicity. Plant polyphenols can resist lead toxicity by chelating lead with their special chemical molecular structure. In addition, scavenging active oxygen and improving the level of antioxidant enzymes, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptosis are also the key to relieving lead poisoning by plant polyphenols. Various plant polyphenols have been suggested to be useful in alleviating lead toxicity in animals and humans and are believed to have good application prospects. Keywords Lead toxicity . Plant polyphenols . Oxidative stress . ER stress . Antioxidation
Abbreviations ALA δ-Aminolevulinic acid AKT Protein kinase B ATF4 Activating transcription factor 4 Bak Bcl-2 homologous antagonist killer CAT Catalase CHOP CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) homologous protein EGCG Epigallocatechin gallate ER Endoplasmic reticulum GR Glutathione reductase GRP78 Glucose regulation protein 78 GSH Glutathione GSH-Px Glutathione peroxidase GSK-3β Glycogen synthase kinase 3β GST Glutathione-S-transferase IL-1β Interleukin-1β JNK c-Jun N-terminal kinase MAPK Mitogen-activated protein kinase
* Na Dong [email protected] 1
The Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Immunity, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
MDA NF-κB Nrf2 PERK PI3K ROS TNF-α UPR
Malondialdehyde Nuclear transcription factor-κB Nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor2 Protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase Reactive oxygen species Tumor necrosis factor-alpha Unfolded protein response
Introduction Heavy metals in environmental pollution mainly refer to the presence of heavy elements in the natural environment, including cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, arsenic, and other ecologically toxic and potentially significantly toxic elements [1]. Lead (Pb) in the environment will eventually enter human or animal bodies through the food chain, feed, food, water source, etc. These heavy metals will not decompose into a short time like organic mat
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