Plastic deformation affecting anodic dissolution in electrochemical migration
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esearch Letter
Plastic deformation affecting anodic dissolution in electrochemical migration Yasuhiro Kimura , Shoya Wakayama, and Masumi Saka, Department of Finemechanics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-01, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan Address all correspondence to Yasuhiro Kimura at [email protected] (Received 20 April 2019; accepted 14 May 2019)
Abstract This study investigated the effect of plastic deformation on anodic dissolution in electrochemical migration (ECM) through the growth of deposits. The morphology of deposits synthesized by ECM was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, where sponge-shaped deposits were observed on the cathode electrode. The mechanism of anodic dissolution was examined by experimentally measuring the variation in the mass of electrodes. The increase and saturation of anodic dissolution in ECM with plastic deformation were observed and were empirically formulated in terms of the change in activation energy. Thus, plastic deformation is proposed as a promising parameter that contributes to controlling ECM.
Introduction Electrochemical reaction is conventionally used for fabricating promising nanostructures to increase device performance owing to their remarkable characteristics. Electrodeposition is a well-known technique for depositing layers and nanostructures. In particular, electrodeposition with a template can achieve mass production of nanostructures with several shapes such as rods, belts, pillars, wires, and tubes.[1] These fabricated nanostructures have been applied to probes,[2] biosensing,[3] and gas sensors.[4] In contrast, green fabrication of nanostructures is desirable for the conservation of energy and resources. Although electrodeposition is very efficient, the process of liquid waste disposal is time-consuming and requires enormous effort. In terms of the lean fabrication of nanostructures, electrochemical migration (ECM) has recently attracted increasing attention. ECM is a form of corrosion accompanied by processes such as anodic dissolution, migration, and precipitation of metals and/or metallic compounds under direct current (DC) electric field and the presence of pure water.[5,6] In the process of anodic dissolution, the metallic ions eluted from the anode electrode diffuse toward the cathode electrode via water. Migrating ions reach the cathode and metals and/or metallic compounds precipitate with reduction by the receiving electrons. The precipitated metals and/or metallic compounds grow to form nanostructures such as dendrites with a fractal pattern, progressing via water and sponges deposited on the cathode surface, which increase the surface-to-volume ratio on the cathode surface. The growth of nanostructure owing to ECM causes the insulation in electronic devices to deteriorate, resulting in
short circuits by bridge formation by nanostructures; thus, ECM should be suppressed to enhance electrical reliability. As a green method for fabricating nanostructures, ECM has been utilized to obtain hybrid
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