Plasticity and modulation of olfactory circuits in insects
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REVIEW
Plasticity and modulation of olfactory circuits in insects Sylvia Anton 1
&
Wolfgang Rössler 2
Received: 12 August 2020 / Accepted: 27 October 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Olfactory circuits change structurally and physiologically during development and adult life. This allows insects to respond to olfactory cues in an appropriate and adaptive way according to their physiological and behavioral state, and to adapt to their specific abiotic and biotic natural environment. We highlight here findings on olfactory plasticity and modulation in various model and non-model insects with an emphasis on moths and social Hymenoptera. Different categories of plasticity occur in the olfactory systems of insects. One type relates to the reproductive or feeding state, as well as to adult age. Another type of plasticity is context-dependent and includes influences of the immediate sensory and abiotic environment, but also environmental conditions during postembryonic development, periods of adult behavioral maturation, and short- and long-term sensory experience. Finally, plasticity in olfactory circuits is linked to associative learning and memory formation. The vast majority of the available literature summarized here deals with plasticity in primary and secondary olfactory brain centers, but also peripheral modulation is treated. The described molecular, physiological, and structural neuronal changes occur under the influence of neuromodulators such as biogenic amines, neuropeptides, and hormones, but the mechanisms through which they act are only beginning to be analyzed. Keywords Antenna . Antennal lobe . Mushroom body . Neuromodulation . Structural synaptic plasticity
Introduction Many insect species predominantly rely on olfaction for intraand interspecific communication and searching food. Olfaction is of particularly high importance in night- or dim-light active species and for social communication as in social insects. The multitude of available olfactory cues in the natural environment combined with limited size of the nervous system and the resulting neuronal processing capacities render neuronal plasticity and modulation as major factors to optimize the use of neural substrate (Dukas 2008; Gadenne et al. 2016; Groh and Rössler 2020). However, the complexity of the nervous system can also set limits for behavioral and ecological plasticity (Bernays 2001).
* Sylvia Anton [email protected] * Wolfgang Rössler [email protected] 1
IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes, INRAE, 49045 Angers, France
2
Behavioral Physiology and Sociobiology (Zoology II), Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
This finally promotes fitness of an insect in a given ecological and evolutionary context (Agrawal 2001). Plasticity in insect olfactory systems occurs at multiple levels, for example as a function of physiological state, in response to environmental factors, social interactions, and experience. Whereas most of the literature on the mechanisms of olfactory p
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