PM 2.5 chemical composition and geographical origin of air masses in Cape Town, South Africa
- PDF / 1,579,649 Bytes
- 12 Pages / 595.276 x 790.866 pts Page_size
- 103 Downloads / 217 Views
PM2.5 chemical composition and geographical origin of air masses in Cape Town, South Africa John Williams 1 & Leslie Petrik 1 & Janine Wichmann 2 Received: 27 July 2020 / Accepted: 28 September 2020 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract PM2.5 in the indoor and outdoor environment has been linked in epidemiology studies to the symptoms, hospital admissions and development of numerous health outcomes including death. The study was conducted during April 2017 and April 2018. PM2.5 samples were collected over 24 h and every third day. The mean PM2.5 level was 13.4 μg m−3 (range: 1.17–39.1 μg m−3). PM2.5 levels exceeded the daily World Health Organization air quality guideline (25 μg m−3) on 14 occasions. The mean soot level was 1.38 m−1 × 10−5 (range: 0 to 5.38 m−1 × 10−5). Cl−, NO3−, SO42−, Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, Na and Zn were detected in the PM2.5 samples. The geographical origin of air masses that passed Cape Town was estimated using the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory software. Four air masses were identified in the cluster analysis: Atlantic-Ocean-WSW, Atlantic-OceanSW, Atlantic-Ocean-SSW and Indian-Ocean. The population of Cape Town may experience various health outcomes from the outdoor exposure to PM2.5 and the chemical composition of PM2.5. Keywords PM2.5 . Soot . Health effects . Chemical composition . HYSPLIT . South Africa
Introduction Various indoor and outdoor air pollutants are linked in epidemiology studies to the symptoms, hospital admissions and development of numerous health outcomes such as asthma (Fan et al. 2016), cardiovascular disease (Cesaroni et al. 2014; Wang et al. 2015; Münzel et al. 2018), skin diseases (Balmes 2019), birth outcomes (Li et al. 2019), sperm quality (Lafuente et al. 2016), type 1 and 2 diabetes (Ritz et al. 2019; Howard 2019), lung cancer (Lipfert and Wyzga 2019, Hamra et al. 2014)—even with the spread and increase of Covid-19’s morbidity and mortality (Bilal et al. 2020; Comunian et al. 2020; Rodríguez-Urrego and Rodríguez-Urrego 2020) and other disease mortality (Fajersztajn et al. 2017; Liu et al. 2019; Orellano et al. 2020). Most of these epidemiology Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-020-00947-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Janine Wichmann [email protected] 1
Environmental and Nano Sciences Group, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
2
School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
studies were conducted in the developed world and very few in Africa (Ostro et al. 2018; Rodríguez-Urrego and Rodríguez-Urrego 2020, Orellano et al. 2020; Liu et al. 2019; Ofori et al. 2020, Katoto et al. 2019; Wichmann and Voyi 2012; Coker and Kizito 2018; Lokotola et al. 2020). An epidemiology study in Cape Town, South Africa, reported that exposure to outdoor particulate matter smaller or equal to 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter
Data Loading...
