Politics, Disability, and Education Reform in the South The Work of
Politics, Disability, and Education Reform in the South explores how race, gender, disability, and politics all came together to impact the career of one State Superintendent of Education in South Carolina who fought to improve educational conditions for
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Politics, Disability, and Education Reform in the South The Work of John Eldred Swearingen Edward Janak
POLITICS, DISABILITY, AND EDUCATION REFORM IN THE SOUTH
Copyright © Edward Janak, 2014. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2014 978-1-137-48405-5 All rights reserved. First published in 2014 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN® in the United States—a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-69473-0 ISBN 978-1-137-48406-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137484062 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the Library of Congress. A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Knowledge Works (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: December 2014 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Transferred to Digital Printing in 2015
Contents
List of Figures
vii
List of Tables
ix
Acknowledgments
xi
Permissions Introduction 1
South Carolina, Populism, and the “New South,” 1865–1908
xiii 1 15
2 Fighting the Good Fight, 1907–1915
53
3 Political Triptych: Swearingen, Blease, and Tillman, 1911–1915
87
4 Swept Up in Progressivism, 1915–1919
123
5 Robert Cooper and the Final Battle, 1919–1957
161
6 Conclusion: Not the Windows but the Occupant Looking Through
201
Notes
213
References
243
Index
253
Figures
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 3.1 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6
John Cloud Swearingen with sons, John and George Anna Tillman Swearingen John E. Swearingen, student at South Carolina College John E. Swearingen, South Carolina College Graduation John E. Swearingen, candidate for state superintendent of education Tillman on Blease, Anderson Daily Mail Textbook advertisement, The State George Swearingen, South Carolina’s “Cotton King” George Van Swearingen, West Point Graduation Mary Douglas Swearingen John E. Swearingen, Jr. Mary Hough Swearingen, Mother of the Year
32 34 39 42 49 101 184 191 195 196 197 198
Tables
2.1 Course units recommended for accreditation 2.2 Course descriptions recommended for accreditation 2.3 Growth of secondary education in South Carolina, 1906–1910 2.4 National comparisons of high schools 2.5 Further analysis of national comparisons of high schools 2.6 Selected per capita expenditure according to enrollment, 1908–1909 2.7 High school enrollment in the Southern states 2.8 African American high schools in South Carolina, 1911 2.9 Facts for sample cities with populations above 2,500 3.1 ASCPS guidelines for high school classification 4.1 Chronology of enactment of compulsory education laws 4.2 Revised notation of
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