Poly(aniline-co- o -nitroaniline): transport properties using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
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Poly(aniline‑co‑o‑nitroaniline): transport properties using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy Umesh S. Waware1 · Mohd Rashid2 · G. J. Summers3 · A. M. S. Hamouda1 · Rohana Adnan2 Received: 7 August 2020 / Revised: 14 October 2020 / Accepted: 1 November 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Highly uniform ac conductivity and dielectric permittivity of poly(aniline-co–onitroaniline) (PA-co-o-NA)s have been recorded by using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in the frequency range of 1 0–2–107 Hz. Also, the unusual electrical behavior of PA-co-o-NA80 at low frequencies has been noticed. X-ray diffraction and differential thermal analysis techniques are used to study the crystallinity of the copolymer. The thermal stability of the copolymer is studied by thermogravimetric analysis which confirms the higher stability of copolymers than PAni. Atomic force microscopy measurement highlights the higher smoothness of the copolymer’s surface as compared to PAni. Keywords Poly(aniline-co-o-nitroaniline) · Ac conductivity · Dielectric permittivity · Crystallinity · Thermal stability · Atomic force microscopy
Introduction The discovery of conjugated linear conducting polymers (LCP) by Shirakawa et.al has paved the way for the development and fabrication of modern days’ electronic devices [1]. The copolymer of poly(aniline-co-o-bromoaniline) is being cited as a semiconducting material [2]. Despite many efforts to develop materials so-called conducting polymers in recent years, the transport properties of the conjugated polymers have not * Umesh S. Waware [email protected] * Mohd Rashid [email protected] 1
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar
2
School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Pulau, Pinang, Malaysia
3
Department of Chemistry, University of South Africa (UNISA), Pretoriam 392 0003, South Africa
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reached the level of conventional ‘metallic state’ [3]. For the outstanding physical properties and their easy synthesis, it has been broadly considered for many modern devices and chemical sensors applications [4–6]. Polyaniline has been reported as an integrated well-designed paper for flexible circuits by Saha and coworkers [5]. The improvement in electrical conductivity and chemical sensing in the highly crystalline quasi-2D polyaniline thin film has been explored by Zhang and coworkers [7]. Unconventional crystal geometry with a high crystalline state of poly(ani-co-2-NA)s has been reported by Umesh and coworkers [8]. The presence of the electron-favoring species at the backbone of polyaniline increases the electron cloud, while the electron-withdrawing functional species decreases the electronic cloud at the phenyl ring that contributes to the tuning of the physical properties of copolymers [9, 10]. The substitution of electronfavoring species on the backbone of the copolymer chain affects the conductivity and charge mobility
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