Post-weight loss changes in fasting appetite- and energy balance-related hormone concentrations and the effect of the ma
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ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION
Post‑weight loss changes in fasting appetite‑ and energy balance‑related hormone concentrations and the effect of the macronutrient content of a weight maintenance diet: a randomised controlled trial Mari Näätänen1 · Marjukka Kolehmainen1 · David E. Laaksonen2,3 · Karl‑Heinz Herzig4,5 · Kaisa Poutanen6 · Leila Karhunen1 Received: 19 February 2020 / Accepted: 4 November 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Purpose We investigated the effects of the macronutrient composition of diets with differing satiety values on fasting appetiterelated hormone concentrations after weight loss and examined whether the hormone secretion adapted to changes in body fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) during the weight maintenance period (WM). Methods Eighty-two men and women with obesity underwent a 7-week very-low-energy diet (VLED) and were then randomised to a higher-satiety food (HSF) group or a lower-satiety food (LSF) group during 24-weeks of the WM. The groups consumed isoenergetic foods with different satiety ratings and macronutrient compositions. Results During the WM, the HSF group consumed more protein and dietary fibre and less fat than the LSF group, but the groups showed similar changes in body weight and fasting appetite-related hormones. In the whole study sample, VLED induced 12 kg (p 100%. The total dietary intake was assessed by 4-day food records collected five times during the study: before the VLED (baseline) and on 6th, 12th, 18th and 24th week from the beginning of the WM.
Body composition and anthropometric measurements Body weight, waist circumference, and body composition were measured after a 12-h fast (2 dl of water was allowed) in light clothing at study clinic visits. The measurements were made at baseline, at the beginning of the WM (week 0), and on 12th and 24th week from the beginning of the WM. Body weight was measured using a digital scale (Vogel & Halke, Hamburg, Germany, sensitivity ± 0.1 kg). Waist circumference was measured halfway between the lowest rib and the iliac crest. FM, body fat-free mass (FFM) and body fat percent were determined by bioelectrical impedance (STA/BIA Body Composition Analyzer, Akern Bioresearch Srl, Firenze, Italy). To enhance the reproducibility of the BIA measurements, the participants were instructed to refrain from vigorous exercise 24 h before and alcohol consumption 48 h before the measurements to minimize variation in fluid balance between the visits. All BIA measurements were performed by the same trained laboratory technician. Height was measured at baseline using a
European Journal of Nutrition
wall-mounted stadiometer. BMI was calculated by dividing weight (kg) by height squared (m2).
Biochemical measurements Blood samples for fasting leptin, insulin, ghrelin, PYY, and glucose were collected at baseline and on 0, 12th and 24th week of the WM at study clinic visits. The samples were collected in the morning after a 12-h fast (2 dl of water was allowed). Prechilled fluoride citrate-containing tubes were used for glucose an
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