Potential Diagnostic Systems for Coronavirus Detection: a Critical Review
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REVIEW
Open Access
Potential Diagnostic Systems for Coronavirus Detection: a Critical Review Elena Ekrami1†, Mahdi Pouresmaieli1†, Fatemeh Barati1†, Sahar Asghari1†, Farzad Ramezani Ziarani2†, Parvin Shariati1 and Matin Mamoudifard1*
Abstract Currently there are no effective anti-viral drugs for SARS-CoV-2, so the primary line of defense is to detect infected cases as soon as possible. The high rate of contagion for this virus and the highly nonspecific symptoms of the disease (Coronovirus disease 2019, (Covid-19)) that it causes, such as respiratory symptoms, cough, dyspnea, fever, and viral pneumonia, require the urgent establishment of precise and fast diagnostic tests to verify suspected cases, screen patients, and conduct virus surveillance. Nowadays, several virus detection methods are available for viral diseases, which act on specific properties of each virus or virus family, therefore, further investigations and trials are needed to find a highly efficient and accurate detection method to detect and prevent the outcomes of the disease. Hence, there is an urgent need for more and precise studies in this field. In this review, we discussed the properties of a new generation of coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-2) following routine virus detection methods and proposed new strategies and the use of potential samples for SARS-CoV-2 detection. Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, Detection, Biosensor, RT-PCR, Immunoassay, Nano-materials
Introduction On 30th January 2020 the WHO declared a global “public health emergency of international concern” (PHEIC) regarding the epidemic caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), which started in a Wuhan seafood market, Hubei province [1]. This virus is genetically very similar to the bat SARS-CoV in the subgenus Sarbecovirus [2]. The WHO has currently named the disease, which has spread so rapidly throughout the world, as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) [3]. The 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) has also been renamed as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Coronaviruses got their * Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] † Elena Ekrami, Mahdi Pouresmaieli, Fatemeh Barati, Sahar Asghari and Farzad Ramezani Ziarani contributed equally to this work. 1 Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
name from their morphology when observed under a microscope. The virus consists of a core of genetic material surrounded by an envelope with protein spikes. This gives it the appearance of a crown. The word Corona means “crown” in Latin. Coronaviruses are zoonotic [4] meaning that the viruses are transmitted between animals and humans. Coronaviruses can be classified into four genera (α, β, γ, and δ), and these viruses are detected in a very wide selection of animal species, including humans [5]. The virus that causes the
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